مقال عن نبات الزعتر

عرف القدماء قائمة واسعة من النباتات الطبية والعطرية ومنها الزعتر والتي استخدموها في علاج كثير من الامراض وتعتبر من المحاصيل غير التقليدية  التي يحتاجها الانسان أو تدخل في الممارسات الغذائية له بشكل أو بآخر ، وتستخدم هذه النباتات إما طازجة  أو مجففة  أو في إستخلاص الزيوت. فمنها موجود بشكل طبيعي ومنها ما يزرع في المزارع والحدائق المنزلية ، وقد ظهر  إهتمام عالمي واسع بزراعة الزعتر لاستخدامه أو أجزاء منه للحصول على زيوته العطرية التي تدخل في تركيب العديد من المركبات الصناعية كبديل لعدد من المستحضرات الكيماوية المنتشرة .

وفي الحضارات القديمة انتشر التداوي بالاعشاب  في الصين والهند وفيتنام والاغريق أما في العصور العربية فقد عرفت بلاد ما بين النهرين كثير من النباتات الطبية والعطرية ومنها الزعتر ونشطت حركة العلم والترجمة  لكثير من الكتب العلمية المتخصصة في هذا المجال بعد استقرار  الدولة الاسلامية ومن اهم العلماء الذي تم الترجمة لهم  جابر بن حيان وابو بكر الرازي وابن سينا وابن البيطار وغيرهم . يذكر في بعض المراجع أن المصريون القدماء استخدموا الزعتر في التحنيط. واستخدمه اليونانيون القدماء في الحمامات وأحرقوه كـبخور في معابدهم، اعتقادًا أنه مصدر الشجاعة.

وتعتبر  المملكة الاردنية الهاشمية من الدول الغنية بهذه النباتات وتحتوي اكثرمن 500 صنف من النباتات الطبية البرية تتبع 33 جنسا 99و عائلة تتوزع في جميع انحاء المملكة منها اليانسون والكراوية والقرفة والشمار والزعتر والنعناع والميرمية والخزامى الحلوة والبابونج وحصى البان والكمون ولكن بعض هذه الاصناف بدأت تنقرض بسب الزحف العمراني  والرعي الجائر والتغير المناخي.

الزعتر نبات شجيري معمّر ،يُذكر أن موطنه الأصلي حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط وهو دائم الخضرة وأوراقه صغيرة لونها رمادي مخضر أو فضي , ويعيش من 5-6 سنوات. كثير الفروع يكسو الأرض ويصل علوه إلى حوالي 12 سم قائم والسيقان خشبية الأضلاع رمادية مغطاة بالأوبار لونها بني والأوراق صغيرة بسيطة معكوسة رمحية الشكل توجد الأزهار في نورات عنقودية أما زرقاء أو وردية ويبلغ ارتفاع النبات حوالي 50سم وتحمل ثمار كبسولية صغيرة الحجم بها بذور صغيرة عديدة, يوجد الزيت الطيار في الغدد الزيتية المنتشرة علي السطح السفلي للأوراق ، له  رائحة عطرية قوية وطعمه حار مر قليلاً. منه أهم  نوعان هما البري والفارسي

وتم استخدام الزيوت العطرية في الحضارات القديمة للعلاج من الأمراض، وكان لعلماء المسلمين الفضل في اختراع جهاز التقطير، والتوسّع في استخراج الزيوت الطبيعيّة، ومعرفة خصائصها وصفات التداوي بها، وتم نقلها في القوافل العربية مع الحرير والتوابل والسكّر. وجاءت مراكز البحث العلمي اليوم لتؤكّد أهميّة الزيوت المستخلصه منه في صناعة الدواء، ومواد التجميل، ومعاجين الأسنان، والصابون، والمواد المطهّرة، ومضادات الجراثيم ، اكتشف باحثون أميركيون ان زيت الزعتر هو من بين 6 زيوت أساسية أثبتت قدرتها على التخلص من الالتهابات،كما يعتبر الزعتر من اكثر المواد الطبية والعطرية اذا ما كان الوحيد الذي له عدة استخدامات طازجة او جافة او مصنعة او تدخل في الغذاء للانسان فهو يحتوي على مركبات الزيت الهامة ( الثيمول , الكاربكرول) .
ومن اهم ميزات نبات الزعتر احتياجاتة المائية القليلة مقارنة بمردوده العالي ، ويمكن تسويق المنتج مباشره  او تجفبفه وتصنيعه ،ولا يحتاج إلى معدات معقدة أو استثمارات مكلفة .والظروف المناخية ملائمة جدا لزراعة نبات الزعتر في كثير من الدول خاصة دول المشرق العربي (الاردن،سوريا،لبنان،العراق وفلسطين) .

وفوائده الغذائية كثيرة فهو يحتوي على كربوهيدرات والياف وانواع متخلفة من الفيتامينات (A,C,D) والمعادن مثل الحديد والكالسيوم والفسفور ،اما فوائده الطبية فيستخدم في علاج الجهاز التنفسي مثل السعال الديكي والالتهابات الشعبية والربو ومسكن للألم ومطهر ومنشطة للدورة الدموية. وينشط الوظائف المضادة للتسمم, ويسهل إفراز العرق, ويدر البول. ويحتوى على مواد مقوية للعضلات ، تمنع تصلب الشرايين، يعالج التهابات المسالك البولية والمثانة والمغص الكلوي ويخفض الكوليسترول.

أما كفاتح للشهية فيعمل على تنبيه المعدة وطرد الغازات ويساعد على الهضم وامتصاص المواد الغذائية وطرد الفطريات من المعدة والأمعاء فهو يحتوى على مادة الثيمول التي تعمل على قتل الميكروبات وتطرد الطفيليات من المعدة ،ومادة الكارفكرول المسكنة والمطهرة وطاردة للبلغم ومضادة للنزيف والاسهال. بالاضافة الى أنه مضاد للأكسدة ومنبه للذاكرة حيث يؤكد السلف السابق على أهمية تناول الزعتر كسندويش مع زيت الزيتون صباحا وقبل الذهاب إلى المدرسة للاعتقاد بأن الزعتر منبه للذاكرة ويساعد الطالب على سرعة استرجاع المعلومات المختزنة وسهولة الاستيعاب.

وللزعتر فوائد اجتماعية واقتصادية كثيرة  مصدر للدخل وتشيغل الايدي العاملة من الجنسين عدا عن فوائدة البيئة كمنظر جمالي وطارد لبعض الحشرات مثل الناموس والبعوض خاصة في المنازل فيخفف عددها ويحد من استخدام المبيدات الكيماوية الضارة بصحة الانسان وتاثيرها السلبي

Waste Management in Gaza Strip

Solid waste management in Gaza Strip is a matter of grave concern. With population of approximately 1.75 million, waste management is one of the most serious challenges confronting the local authorities because of high volumes of solid waste generation and economic blockade by Israel. The daily solid waste generation across Gaza is more than 1300 tons which is characterized by per capita waste generation of 0.35 to 1.0 kg.

Scarcity of waste disposal sites coupled with huge increase in waste generation is leading to serious environmental and human health impacts on the population. The severity of the crisis is a direct consequence of continuing blockade by Israeli Occupation Forces and lack of financial assistance from international donor.

Israeli Occupation Forces deliberately destroyed most of the sewage infrastructure in the Gaza Strip, during 2008-2009 Gaza War inflicting heavy damage to sewage pipes, water tanks, wastewater treatment plants etc. Infact, Israeli forces, time and again, target Gaza's infrastructure and inflict heavy damage during repeated incursions in the Gaza Strip. 

Landfills in Gaza

There are three landfills in Gaza Strip – one each in southern and central part of Gaza and one in Gaza governorate. In addition, there are numerous unregulated dumpsites scattered across rural and urban areas which are not fenced, lined or monitored. Domestic, industrial and medical wastes are often dumped near cities and villages or burned and disposed of in unregulated disposal sites which cause soil, air and water pollution, leading to health hazards and ecological damage. The physical damage caused to Gaza’s infrastructure by repeated Israeli aggression has been a major deterred in putting forward a workable solid waste management strategy in the Strip.

Sewage Disposal Problems

The sewage disposal problem is assuming alarming proportions. The Gaza Strip’s sewage service networks cover most areas, except for Khan Yunis and its eastern villages where only 40% of the governorate is covered. There are only three sewage water treatment stations in Gaza Strip – in Beit Lahia, Gaza city and Rafah – which are unable to cope with the increasing population growth rate.

The total quantity of produced sewage water is estimated at 45 million m3 per annum, in addition to 3000 cubic meters of raw sewage water discharged from Gaza Strip directly into the sea every day. Sewage water discharge points are concentrated on the beaches of Gaza city, Al Shate' refugee camp and Deir El Balah.

Raw Sewage on a Gaza beach

The continuous discharge of highly contaminated sewage water from Gaza Strip in the Mediterranean shores is causing considerable damage to marine life in the area. The beaches of Gaza city are highly polluted by raw sewage. In addition, groundwater composition in Gaza Strip is marked by high salinity and nitrate content which may be attributed to unregulated disposal of solid and liquid wastes from domestic, industrial and agricultural sources.

Recently, the ongoing electricity and fuel shortage caused sewage from Gaza City wastewater treatment plant to overflow into residential areas causing a grave humanitarian and environmental crisis. Several more sewage stations across the Gaza Strip are on the verge of overflowing which could be disastrous from the entire region. The prevalent waste management scenario demands immediate intervention of international donors, environmental agencies and regional governments in order to prevent the situation from assuming catastrophic proportions.

An Introduction to Materials Recovery Facility

A Material Recovery Facility (MRF) is a building to receive, sort, process and store recyclable materials to be shipped and marketed to end-users. A materials recovery facility accepts materials, whether source separated or mixed, and separates, processes and stores them for later use as raw materials for remanufacturing and reprocessing.

material recovery facility

The main function of the MRF is to maximize the quantity of recyclables processed, while producing materials that will generate the highest possible revenues in the market. MRFs can also function to process wastes into a feedstock for biological conversion or into a fuel source for the production of energy.

MRFs serve as an intermediate processing step between the collection of recyclable materials from waste generators and the sale of recyclable materials to markets for use in making new products. There are basically four components of a MRF facility: sorting, processing, storage, and load-out.

Any facility design plan should accommodate all these activities which promote efficient and effective operation of a recycling program. MRFs may be publicly owned and operated, publicly owned and privately operated, or privately owned and operated.

There are basically two types of MRFs: dirty and clean. A “dirty” MRF receives mixed waste material that requires labor intense sorting activities to separate recyclables from the mixed waste. A “clean” MRF is a facility that accepts source separated or commingled recyclable materials. A “clean” MRF reduces the potential for material contamination.

Small MRFs (less than 10 tons per day)

Each MRF in operation vary in size and configuration. Most counties, cities and non-profit organizations that operate MRFs are small; less than 10 tons recyclables handled daily and less than 15,000 square feet of building space. Total capital costs to construct the facility could be anywhere between $500,000 and $1,000,000.

The difference in cost is attributed to building materials used, site purchase and preparation, entrance doors and size. Many of these facilities are not highly automated. Manual labor is used instead of sorting equipment. The type of processing equipment is basic, such as a vertical or horizontal baler, forklift, glass crusher, can blower, etc.

Large MRFs (larger than 500 tons per day)

Large facilities operate more than 100 tons per day, are fully operated, often located in very large cities, and often owned and operated by the private sector. Such MRFs are equipped with highly automated equipment in state of the art facilities and may need several millions of dollar to build.

Major Equipment

A major cost to consider in planning for a MRF, in addition to land, construction and permitting costs, is the purchasing of equipment to process the recyclables. The equipment needed will depend somewhat on how the material is brought to the facility. If any material is commingled, sorting lines may be needed. However, if all material is source separated, less sophisticated methods for removing contaminants could be used.

The following is a list of some of the equipment that would be needed to operate a MRF.

Pre-processed Material Handling Equipment

  • Conveyors
  • Containers

Separating Equipment

  • Magnetic Separators and Screens

Size Reduction Equipment

  • Can Densifier
  • Can Flattener
  • Glass Crusher
  • Plastics Granulator
  • Plastics Perforator
  • Baler

Processed Material Handling Equipment

  • Forklift
  • Skid Steer Loader

Environmental Equipment

  • Dust Collection System
  • Noise Suppression Devices
  • Odor Control System
  • Heating, Ventilating, & Air Conditioning (HVAC)

Other Equipment

  • Fixed Storage Bin
  • Floor Scale for Pallet or Bin Loads
  • Truck Scale
  • Belt Scale

Beeah MRF in Sharjah

Bee’ah’s Material Recovery Facility in Sharjah

Bee’ah’s Material Recovery Facility is the largest in the Middle East and ranks the third largest in the world. This specialized facility sorts and separates recyclable materials from municipal solid waste, through mechanical and manual processes. With an annual capacity of 500,000 tonnes, the MRF is currently processing 900 tonnes of general waste, of which an estimated 60% can be recycled and thus diverted from the landfill.

One of the highest contributors has been plastic – including PET and mixed plastic, with a 700% increase from March 2010 to 2011, paper and cardboard second at 366%, followed by a 135% increase in aluminum recycling for the same period.

شهر رمضان والتحول نحو الأستدامة

شهر رمضان محطة للتزود بالوقود ومساحة لتغيير نمط الأستهلاك والعيش ببساطة على هذا الكوكب.  أن سبب الأزمة البيئية وأزمة الماء والطاقة والغذاء هو فشل الإنسان في مُهمة الخلافة وادراك دوره الحضاري كشاهد ومستخلف. التحول نحو الأستدامة يتطلب تغيير أنماط الأنتاج والأستهلاك للتصدي للفقر والتغير المناخي وهذا يستلزم التحول الكلي في نمط التنمية والعيش و تسخير المعرفة المحلية و الإبتكار والقيم والأخلاق وتطير  نماذج محلية للتنمية الطيبة  من خلال الحراك الأخضر أو الجهاد، و الإبتكار الأخضر أو الاجتهاد، و أسلوب الحياة الأخضر أو الزُهد كما هو موضح أدناه.

sustainability-islam

الحراك الأخضر يعني النضال ضد الإختلالات و الظلم و الفساد التي تُخِل بالحياة وبالفطرة والطبيعة. يجب على المجتمع المسلم أن يُظهِر الأسلوب الأمثل و المتوازن للحياة كأمة وسط بعيدا عن الأفراط والتفريط لقوله تعالى “وكلوا وأشربوا ولا تسرفوا”. إن الدور الرئيسي للأمة الوسط  هوتقديم وتجسيد نماذج مستدامة للحياة عبر الكلمة الطيبة والبلد الطيب والتنمية الطيبة. والسؤال هو الى اي مدى نستمد من رمضان هذه الطاقة المتجددة للتحول في الوعي والأدراك والعيش والتعاطف والتراحم والبر.

شهر رمضان يمثل وسيلة للوصول والأرتقاء الى درجة  الإحسان  والذي يعبر عن حالة الجمال الداخلي الذي ينعكس إلى الخارج، و يحوِّل كل نشاط إنساني إلى فن، و يحوِّل كل فن إلى ذكر لله تعالى. يتّصل مفهوم الجمال إتصالا حميما بالله تعالى، و يمكن أن يتجلى الإحسان من خلال العطاء للمحتاجين والرحمة للعالمين بل ويتعدى ذلك الى التصالح مع المحيط الخارج وتقدير قيمة الجمال  من هندسة العمارة و الحدائق و الخط العربي.

ramadan-environmental-spiritual-benefits

يُعتبر الحراك الأخضر في جوهره قوة إيجابية هادفة لضمان التوازن و الفطرة و حماية مجتمع الحياة و لضمان الطيبة و العدالة ونصرة الحق والمظلوم والضعيف. فنحن البشر عندما نسبب تهديد لأي كائن حي  فنحن في الواقع نُسكِت فئة كاملة من المسبِّحين لله، أو ما أسمِّيه إزعاج أو خلل لسمفونية الحياة. يُخبرنا القرآن الكريم أن الإنسان عندما يسيئ إستخدام القوة فهذا يؤدي إلى تدهور كل من رأس المال الطبيعي و رأس المال الإجتماعي لقوله تعالى “فهل عسيتم ان توليتم أن تفسدوا في الأرض وتقطعوا أرحامكم”. إن شهر رمضان يمثل منتدى انساني للتعاطف الأنساني والحوار بالكلمة الطيبة في عصر الفوضى التي نعيشها. لأن المسلمين يشكِّلون جزءا من المجتمع المدني العالمي، فهذا من شأنه أن يُعزِّز دورهم كسفراء للتغيّر من أجل السلام العالمي و الديمقراطية و الحرية والعيش المستدام من خلال احياء ومأسسة الزكاة والصدقات والوقف واحياء الأرض الموات.

و بالتالي، فإن التصدي لقضية تغيّر المناخ والفقر من منظور إسلامي يتطلب ادراك الأنسان لدوره وغايته كشاهد ومستخلف في الأمة الوسط. شهر رمضان هو المقياس والباروميتر الذي نتوق اليه لضمان الإنسجام و التوازن والتراحم والعطاء والزهد. شهر رمضان هو امتحان للخيارات البشرية وتغليب المصلحة العامة على الأنا حتى لا “يهلك الحرث والنسل” ولا نصل لحالة “بئر معطلة وقصر مشيد” بما كسبت أيدي الناس. لقد حدث إختلال في هذا التوازن نتيجة لإختيارات الإنسان التي أدت إلى الإستهلاك المفرط و و الإفراط في إستخدام الموارد ولكن هناك فرصة للعودة والتعلم من عظة التاريخ “لعلهم يرجعون”. إن البعد الأخلاقي للإسلام يتمثل في تطوير الوعي الجديد لحالة التصالح مع النفس والآخر والمحيط.

شهر رمضان دورة عملية ميدانية  لتأكيد مفهوم الزهد و الحد من الإسراف و التبذيروتقدير نعم وخيرات الله الظاهرة والباطنة، وهذا التأمل في أحوال البلاد والعباد يحفز على الإبتكار لتوليد فقه الواقع والموازنات والمآلات والمصلحة العامة.

خلاصة القول ان رمضان فرصة للتحول الى نمط الحياة الخضراء و التنمية المحلية الطيبة التي تعمل على المحافظة على الموارد كوسيلة للحياة و تدعم نماذج إنمائية صغيرة لعلنا نشكر ونرشد بعد أن نرنتقي لمرتبة التقوى.

أ.د عودة الجيوسي – مستشار دولي في التنمية المستدامة

Cleanliness is Next to Greenliness

There are usually many objectives of cleaning a home or office and the things in it. One of them is to achieve a certain level comfort and freshness while the other is to maintain the aesthetic appeal of the space around. However, when it comes to choosing the right cleaning products and technologies, it is important and beneficial to go the eco-friendly way.

Many manufacturers, in a bid to reduce their carbon footprint, are striving to come up with cleaning products that are made from environmentally-friendly ingredients. Such products are not only safer or less toxic to use, but also smell good and provide sustainable cleaning solutions too. So, when shopping for cleaning products and tools or hiring a cleaner, green solutions should be your number one priority.

Identifying the right cleaning solutions

If you are an environmentally conscious individual, you will want to do research to find out which cleaning products are green and non-toxic and which chemical-based ones to avoid. Whether the products you want to buy is for kitchen surfaces, laundry, fabrics, drain, appliances or even for body cleaning, there are certain ingredients you need to watch out for.

Most chemically-formulated cleaners may contain carcinogens, endocrine disruptors and neurotoxins that can cause cancer, disrupt brain activity, lead to ADHD and more. Aerosols are, in particular, highly toxic to the environment and to the body too. Hence, should be avoided like a plague. Much as you might want a shinier and fresh smelling, you shouldn’t do so at the expense of your health and comfort.

Some cleaning products and ingredients to check out and avoid include the following:

  • Ammonia
  • Ethylene glycol
  • Sodium hypochlorite
  • Monobutyl acetate
  • Chlorine
  • Sodium hydroxide

Guide to eco-friendly cleaning

Eco-friendly cleaning is all about combining the right cleaning products, tools and techniques. But the products form the backbone of the entire process. When choosing green products to use in cleaning, always consider the ones made from all-natural plant ingredients. Such products might not have the fancy fragrances, but they are friendly to the environment and offer better cleaning and sanitation solutions.

Key ingredients to look for in green cleaning products include, but not limited to, the following:

  • Vinegar
  • Peroxide
  • Baking soda
  • Essential oils
  • Lemons

Green-inspired cleaners are free of chemicals, synthetic ingredients, foaming agents and preservatives. When such plain natural solutions are paired with proper cleaning techniques, they ensure a cleaner, germ-free and comfortable environment. That’s the direction most household and commercial cleaning companies are headed to.

A company like Cleaner Cleaner Ltd., has its services centered on staff and equipment, which are highly important in achieving fully-guaranteed spotless results. With its focus being regular cleaning, the company doesn’t have to use or employ harsh chemicals to achieve a cleaner surface or space.

Tools and techniques for green cleaning practice

The market is filled with a range of cleaning tools, equipment and techniques that can offer effective and eco-friendly cleaning solutions. For instance, there’s a machine that can ionize regular water into a disinfectant that can clean just about any surface. Other green tools you can make use of when cleaning at home are backpack vacuums and treated dusty clothes. These options are not just safer and easy-to-use but are cost-friendly too.

As you can see, there are countless environmentally-friendly cleaning options you can utilize in cleaning and sanitizing your office. The most important thing when shopping for the cleaning products is to check the ingredients and ensure no harmful ingredients or additives have been used in making them. Cleanliness is next to godliness and so it is to greenliness.

The Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources in MENA

Freshwater shortage in the MENA region is posing a serious threat to economic growth, social cohesion, peace and political stability. Furthermore, today’s freshwater usage does not account for its present and future availability but rather is based on sectoral and geographical competing consumption needs. To make matters worse, this already dire situation is being exacerbated by the rapidly changing climate. Climate change affects water resources by its profound impact on water quantity, variability, timing, form, and intensity of precipitation.

climate change effect on water resources

Climate change is profoundly affecting water resources in the Middle East

The MENA region, in particular, is highly vulnerable to the disruptive climate change effects because countries within this region are unarguably among the most water-stressed worldwide, with water availability per capita well below the global average.  In addition, most MENA countries belong to a critical combination of low rainfall and high spatial and temporal rainfall variability, with Lebanon being better off among the group in terms of precipitation, and Qatar being worst off in terms of both precipitation and rainfall variability.

How Climate Change Affects Water Resources

Warmer temperatures increase the rate of evaporation of water into the atmosphere, in effect increasing the atmosphere’s capacity to “hold” water. This causes earlier and shorter runoff seasons and increases dry seasons. Increased evaporation also decreases soil moisture levels, which in turn increases the frequency of droughts, and increases the likelihood of desertification. In addition, a decrease in soil moisture also lowers infiltration rates, consequently reducing underground aquifer recharge rate.

Climate change also impacts sea levels. Rising sea levels could reduce water quality and availability in coastal areas. Rising sea levels can affect the quality of groundwater through saltwater intrusion into the aquifers. In addition, a rise in sea level will affect above ground hydrology of coastal areas thus reducing freshwater run offs and the presence of above ground freshwater bodies.

On the other hand, rising sea levels could also cause water tables in groundwater aquifers to rise, which could increase surface runoff, but at the expense of aquifer recharge. It is predicted that sea levels will rise by 19 to 58 cm by the end of the 21st century, which will affect 12 out of the 19 MENA countries. Such an increase in sea level could cost Egypt, one of the main countries to be affected by sea level rise, 10% of the Nile Delta population together with agricultural land and production.

These decreases in water resources will have costly socio-economic consequences. Water is used in food production, energy production, manufacturing, navigation, land use, and recreation. Therefore it will become increasingly difficult to maintain balance between all human needs while water resources keep diminishing.

water scarcity

For example, it is predicted that increased temperatures will increase crop water demand by 5-8% by 2070, which will have to be compensated by using water that was allocated to energy production, thus harming energy production capabilities. The decrease in water resources would also precipitate an increase in the price of water, through monthly water bills, or one-time connection fees for new homes and businesses.

Finally, Decreasing water resources will also lead governments to resorting to economically intensive projects such as desalination plants, pipelines (Red – Dead Sea conveyance project), and dams. These projects are not only economically intensive, but also environmentally unsustainable and will eventually contribute to global warming and climate change (CO2 emissions from desalination plants).

Key Takeaways

Global warming is undeniable and the increase in greenhouse gas emissions will have profound climatic, environmental, and societal impacts worldwide, especially in terms of water resources. This is of great concern for MENA countries, where there has been a recorded increase in frequency of droughts, and where water availability is expected to decrease by 30-50% by 2050.

Therefore MENA countries must reduce their respective GHG emissions and make a transition to and clean sources of energy. Regional countries must make urgent and long-term efforts to conserve water by reducing demand and consumption, improving water infrastructure to reduce leakages, improve water management techniques and remove water subsidies.

Every individual depends on a reliable, clean supply of freshwater to sustain his or her health. Water is essential in every part of life from energy and food production to ecosystem maintenance. Therefore actions must be taken not only to stop its decline, but also to improve its status, because without water, there will be no life.

Information Resources:

ICBA: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENAINFRENCH/Resources/Shawki.pdf

FAO: http://bit.ly/1vAZuWK

Choices: http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2008-1/theme/2008-1-04.htm

UNEP: http://www.unep.org/geo/geo_ice/PDF/GEO_C6_C_LowRes.pdf

Far-Reaching Implications of Conflict in World’s Breadbasket

Pre-pandemic era, pre-Ukraine war months, the Ukraine referred to as the “Breadbasket of Europe” and of course Russia, thrived on agricultural activities suppling the world with wheat, other grains, vegetables, oils, seeds and meats. According to the CIA World Factbook, the Ukraine was producing 25% of staple foods for across the globe. By 2022, this figure had risen to 30%. Ukraine produced for nations across the globe. In addition to the pure grain production, there is food processing and especially sugar processing. Over a quarter of the Ukraine population was employed in agricultural and forestry activities.

Today, these figures are all aschew as the grain fields have all been turned into war zones. Food production at all levels is halted, squashed and destroyed.

implications of conflict in world's breadbasket

So, this conflict between the Ukraine and Russia is not a self-contained, isolated disagreement between two nations. The impact of this destructive action will give rise to the largest food crisis the globe as yet to face. The globe is very dependent on these rich, fertile soils of the Black Sea region. Not only are the Ukrainian pushed into total insecure situations, but this will eventually spill across the globe raising enormous concerns of food insecurity and impoverishment.

The Ukrainian people are fleeing, fighting, foraging to deal with their present infliction, while the rest of the globe are sitting as spectators, fearful of action and the consequences. Whether the world is directly involved in the conflict zone or not, the consequences are going to be the same. Global food shortages. While the global breadbasket has been shut-down, the Russian production line of global food supply, is subjected to global sanctions. That nation will also be part of the global impacted by the food crisis as well as a failing nation unable to contribute to global food demands.

As yet, the actual global access to food supplies have not diminished but the pricing soared by 55% in the weeks leading up to the conflict state in this region. This conflict has been raging now for over five weeks. Such food prices have not been seen since 2011, and now the two global producers (over one-third of global supply) of wheat, barley and other grains are in a state of conflict.

Can the situation across the globe be spelt out more clearly?  Egypt is the largest wheat importer where a nation of nearly 106 million people relies heavily on imported grains, where one-third of the existing population in this land is already struggling to survive at poverty levels.

The mathematics in war situations are simple. Conflict equates with shortages. Shortages equate with price inflations. Increased prices mean greater poverty. Poverty leads to more hunger and starvation especially in poorer nations while more developed nations incur greater expenses and inflation, and result in poorer sectors of their communities also.

wheat-lebanon

One can move from nation to nation that are heavy importers of grain whether for basic breads, a staple food in most nations, for noodles in the east, for animal feed, all will be impacted. Along with the sunflower oils and processed foods. Both the Ukraine and Russia contribute around 70% of the global sunflower market which makes up about 10 percent of the global oil industry.

The consequences of the current Ukraine-Russia conflict will have dramatic impacts across the globe for all nations at one level or another. This may influence nations to be far more pro-active in seeking diplomatic solutions to conflict in the “breadbaskets of the globe”.

Food Waste in Ramadan: Trends and Counter-Measures

Muslims countries, Arab nations in particular, generate huge quantities of food waste which increases substantially during the month of Ramadan. As per conservative estimates, around 15-25% of all food purchased or prepared during Ramadan find its way to the garbage bin before even being used or consumed.

food waste in ramadan

Food Waste Trends in Ramadan

The trend shows that during Ramadan, the demand for beef, mutton, chicken and related meat products increases by almost 50% of the normal demand, which in itself is very high. Similar is the fate of other related food items like vegetables, fruits and dairy products etc. which are out of shelves quickly in the super markets and cold stores during special religious occasions.

The enormous food waste generation can be witnessed at all socio-economic levels. It is environmentally and morally considered offensive that as a society we have become so casual about the basic raw materials of life.

Over the past few decades, the society and people have become more wasteful due to rise in income, living standards, consumerism and affordability. But affording does not mean that wastage should increase as it is contrary to the Islamic principles of sustainability.

During Ramadan, people tend to buy more than their normal requirements for self consumption plus for taking care of guests. Due to the limited quantity of food to be consumed by people this additional quantity of cooked or made food becomes waste as Fatoor is not usually eaten as midnight snacks or as sahoor the other day. The demand for fresh food increases as majority of people are willing to spend an extra amount for the better quality of food.

food wastage in ramadan

The rich also sympathize greatly in this month and donate more food for charity which at times is not consumed by the poor section of the society due to late delivery and evening prayers. This trend again leads to more wastage, as the food items bought are not being fully and efficiently utilized and ultimately end up in garbage bins.

Ways to Reduce Food Waste in Ramadan

We need to change our attitude of not laying the table with more food than people can eat. This is not hospitality and welcoming the guests.

  • People should not buy in excess to avoid another trip to the grocery store or super market.
  • We need to develop better food habits and respect for the Mother Nature. The problem of food wastage lies in socio-cultural sensitization and behavioral change.
  • Buying in actual quantities especially fruits and vegetables. Making a shopping list first before going to the market will be more useful.
  • Buying items with a longer expiry dates for ease in using it during a longer period.
  • Daily checking of the food items in our fridge/ deep freezer to ensure its utilization before it becomes waste.

Inculcating good food utilization and storage habits can also play a key role in waste minimization during the holy month of Ramadan.