Jordan’s Journey Towards Climate Action

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Jordan has the distinction of being the third Arab country to submit its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) prior to Paris COP21, in addition to being the first Arab country to address climate change and its implications on vital sectors through a national policy (2013 – 2020). Moreover, Jordan is taking serious steps to mainstream climate change into development policies and strategies starting with the National Women Strategy (2012) and the National Poverty Reduction strategy (2013), the Jordan Vision 2025 which is considered to be the overall developmental blueprint for the country (2015) to the recently launched National Water Strategy (2016 – 2025). On another front, Jordan is preparing a National Green Growth Strategy (NGGS) through the Ministry of Environment and a number of sectoral action plans to drive its green economy agenda.

Jordan_Global_Warming

Jordan’s INDCs Highlights

Due to it participatory and bottom-up approach, Jordan’s process of preparing its INDCs was perceived as a good case study by the GIZ/UNDP international partnership on Mitigation and MRV. While the process started by soliciting technical input and conducting national consultations, this consequently led to a state of creating wide political support.

The INDCs process was the first climate change process in Jordan that included a national target for reducing GHG emissions, an objective that was considered out of reach only a few months before. An inter-Ministerial breakthrough was accomplished during the process by bringing together four Ministers and five from Secretary General level to the INDCs validation meeting.

Within its INDCs, Jordan commits to 14% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to “business as usual” (BAU) projected emissions, 12.5% of which is conditional upon availability of finance and enhanced support. The two targets will be achieved based on implementing at least 70+ projects (43 sectoral projects resulted from the mitigation scenario assessment articulated in the 2014 (TNC) Report to UNFCCC and another around 27+ sectoral priority projects proposed concurrently or newly planned and not listed in the TNC Report, i.e., proposed after the development of the TNC. USD 5,700,000,000  is the total financing needs from which Government has already secured USD 542,750,000 to meet the unconditional target, which means the Country is in need of USD 5,157,250,000 to fulfill its conditional target.

Sectors covered within the INDCs include: energy (including transport), waste, industrial processes, agriculture and land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) and solvents. Thus, a large share of the measures will be implemented through sectoral strategies under the responsibility of the sector’s ministries (energy, water, agriculture, health, and others). The National Committee on Climate Change is mandated to monitor the progress in the implementation of the Climate Change Policy on the national level and thus the INDC.

Climate Governance Framework

For Jordan to continue as one of the climate leaders in the region, not only in developing policies and setting targets, but also in realizing them; climate change mitigation and adaptation needs to become everybody’s business. Mobilization of resources and finance is closely linked to the mobilization of actors. The ability of various stakeholders and sectors to relate to the issues and impacts of climate change is crucial and forms a high priority. Such mobilization would be orchestrated by the Ministry of Environment but performed by several Ministries, Civil Society Organizations and other partners.

An efficient and effective governance framework should be put in place to allow for more productive and measurable interaction amongst various stakeholders and across key sectors. Linkages with the existing national and institutional platforms within targeted sectors are necessary to optimize efforts and reduce redundancy. This may include the green economy steering committee and technical groups, other committees related to the Rio conventions etc.

Jordan can utilize this opportunity to trigger non-state actors to get organized and thus, to have stronger impact on climate action. The Paris climate process is considered a successful example of global environmental governance. It is time this is cascaded and localized in Jordan on a solid base of transparency, accountability and representation.

Private Sector Perspective

Private sector and climate change enjoy a multi-dimensional relationship that needs to be well understood by policy-makers and business leaders. Type, size, location, environmental performance as well as socioeconomic impact of companies are all factors to be considered when mobilizing climate action.

The Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – as the national climate change focal point – may bear the responsibility of compiling information about the Jordanian private sector players. In consultation with the National Climate Change Committee and sector-specific business associations, businesses should be classified according to their climate action priority and urgency.

Active businesses associations should proactively engage in the process by organizing themselves through the formation of a climate coalition or network that includes representatives from key sectors impacting and impacted by climate change (i.e. energy (renewable energy, energy efficiency, transport, power generation), industry, water, tourism, agriculture etc).

green-economy

Considering the strong momentum in the energy sector from local and international companies, below are some of the private sector needs when it comes to climate action:

  • Clear Market Mechanism and coherent legislative measures according to national preferences to trigger and incentivize low-carbon investment.
  • Assessments of resilience to climate risks and call for new financial instruments to stimulate alternative energy and efficiency projects as well as green bonds.
  • Clear and consistent policies and robust monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) — that will complement business efforts to stimulate innovation as well as collaborative actions across value chains.
  • Transparency and disclosure regarding financial investments and policies in relation to all energy-related activities — including fossil-based and alternative.
  • Develop and scale up alternative and renewable energy sources, promote energy efficiency, end deforestation and accelerate other low-carbon options and technologies such as ICT.
  • Hastening the shift to a low-carbon economy in an economically sustainable manner will generate growth and jobs in both the developing and developed world.

While the main Paris outcomes attraction point to businesses might be financing; nevertheless, to the majority of leading companies the policy advocacy, and enhanced transparency and accountability are important enablers for increased competitiveness. While the MoEnv is currently engaging the industrial chambers, it should direct more effort to bring on board other associations like EDAMA, Farmers Unions, Green Building Council, Int@j, chambers of commerce and investors association. Other cross-cutting and supporting sectors such as ICT and consulting services may also be included in the process.

Upon organizing the private sector engagement platforms, the MoEnv can facilitate the following activities with support from international partners and agencies:

  • Prepare a climate finance strategy for Jordan with a pipeline of feasible private sector projects.
  • Develop – through a joint public-private effort – a short and medium-term capacity building and technical assistance plan for Jordanian businesses from all sectors related to climate change and green growth covering mitigation and adaptation needs.
  • Map innovation and technology development and transfer needs on sector and sub-sector levels to guide discussions and potential partnerships for achieving climate mitigation and adaptation.
  • Integrate private sector needs and priorities within various multi-lateral and bi-lateral cooperation strategies and plans.
  • Enhance linkages between businesses and business associations (from key sectors) and the climate experts to facilitate exchange of experience and deployment of solutions.
  • Enhance linkages between businesses, municipalities and NGOs/CBOs to support climate change priorities on community level.

While the Paris Climate Deal carries tremendous opportunities for businesses in the form of financing, technology development and transfer as well as capacity building. It also opens wide doors for climate leadership and enhanced policy dialogue.

NGOs Perspective

NGOs can play multiple roles within the climate action and environmental domain. They could act as agenda setters, lobbyists, domain experts, implementation partners and enforcers. While growing in number and scope with each passing year, environmental NGOs in Jordan are struggling to become a model in civil society participation, collaborative governance and social impact.

Those non-for-profits are challenged to not only be the watchdogs and outreach arms but also act as community organizers and change agents that would lead the transformation to green economy. On another front, many of the CBOs are acting on environmental challenges in their neighborhoods and demonstrating strongly the need for good governance and organized advocacy and implementation.

environment-NGOs-Jordan

Visionary NGOs are also potential connectors within the climate governance frameworks. They should proactively seek to organize themselves through formation of networks and/or coalitions in order strengthen their position and role towards various environmental issues and also enable them to defend their interests through proper platforms.  NGOs are leading environmental activism and policy advocacy around the globe. Jordan has the track record of several success stories in environmental protection triggered by civil society movement and action. Climate change forms a new complex topic that requires innovative and collective action across a number of sectors.

Role of Media

Despite being a global phenomenon, climate change coverage seems to be stronger outside the Arab region. Quality and timely engagement of media as well as credible investigation of issues are crucial for enhanced public awareness and access to information. Going beyond reporting events towards monitoring of progress and celebrating achievements is a priority to support climate action. Jordan has what it takes to lead the way in increasing the Arabic media content on climate change.

Through stronger networking and targeted capacity building activities, journalists and bloggers would benefit from exposure to issues raised and explained by experts and activists. Media should be part of every implementation step not only to cover an event but more importantly as a trigger for public attention around a credible fact. The National Committee should consider institutionalizing the communication with media and ensuring that media representatives are carefully selected to be part of the process.

Parting Shot

At the operational level, recent developments make Jordan’s progress in implementing renewable energy generation projects as impressive. Sustaining such momentum in the low-carbon domain and pursuing new opportunities based on the Paris Climate Agreement is becoming a strategic choice for Jordan. Thus, public and private sectors, civil society organizations as well as research and academia need to be part of the process and contribute to boosting climate action. Understanding the opportunities open for different players within different sectors is essential to move the exceptional policy work into implementation.

Note: The first part of the article can be read at this link

Disclaimer: Some of the information contained in this article has been based on content developed by the writer during an assignment with GIZ Jordan on the comparative analysis of Jordan’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) that was conducted in February 2016 in partnership with the Ministry of Environment.

Protecting Iraq’s Southern Marshlands

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In mid-January 2021, Iraqi President Barham Salih approved the country’s decision to join the Paris Climate agreement. Iraq signed on to the international climate accords in 2016 but has spent the past few years negotiating its ratification through its parliament. The Paris Climate agreement encourages signatory countries to cut their carbon emissions and invest in the sustainable energy sector. Such a move might prove difficult for Iraq, a country in which oil provides 90% of government revenue and amounts to 99% of national exports.

Despite these challenges, Iraq has now committed to modernizing and decarbonizing its energy sector for its growing population. By joining the Paris Climate accords, some Iraqi environmental activists hope that the central government might turn its attention to addressing one of the nation’s most infamous ecological problems, the southern Iraqi marshes.

iraq-marshland-protection

The Mesopotamian Marshes form a significant part of southern Iraq as well as some of south-western Iran. The marshlands once covered over 15,000 square kilometers and were home to between 300,000 and 500,000 people. Local inhabitants formed a unique culture such as constructing communal buildings of woven reeds called mudhif. People who lived in the marshes historically worked growing rice, raising water buffalo, and fishing.

Inundated by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the marshes were a unique site of environmental diversity. Of particular note is the diversity of aviary species who nest in the marshes as they migrate. The marshes are also home to a multitude of fish species, wolves, and otters.

Efforts to drain the marshlands began in the mid-20th century. Originally, the British administrators of Iraq thought to drain the marshes to reduce malaria carrying mosquitos and make the land suitable for other crops. When the Ba’athist party controlled Iraq, the drainage of the marshes accelerated as water from the Tigris and Euphrates was diverted to other irrigation projects. By the 1980s, the Iraqi government began to drain areas of the marshes to explore oil drilling operations. Damming projects in Iraq and Syria upriver also contributed to the slowly disappearing marshlands in southern Iraq. In response, the Iraqi government began resettlement programs which took locals from their land and disrupted their cultural practices.

The late 1980s and 1990s unfortunately saw the near obliteration of the marshlands. Anti-government Shia insurgents and marsh inhabitants fearing the destruction of their heritage used the marshlands as a base for their small scale resistance. Iraqi heavy war machinery could not infiltrate the marshes and thus could not pursue retreating militants who operated a hit-and-run style insurgency against the Saddam regime. Historically, the Iraqi marshlands served as a refuge for other anti-government fighters such as during the Zanj rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate in the 9th century or the Beni Lam resisting the Ottoman government in the 19th century.

In response to the 1991 uprising against the Iraqi government, Saddam Hussein began rapidly draining the marshlands. It is clear that his true intention for draining the wetlands was to punish the marsh population for supporting the rebellion as his soldiers targeted villages in the marshes. His efforts effectively drained 90% of the wetlands by 2001. The draining of the marshes resulted in both ecologic and communal suffering. Over 200,000 Iraqis living in the marshes were displaced. It also led to environmental damage including increased desertification and salinification of nearby waterways and soils.

wetlands-arab

After Saddam Hussein’s regime fell, efforts to rehabilitate the marshlands began. Around 40% of the marshes were inundated again by 2004. According to a report made by the United States Congressional Research Service, the American government looked to invest in marshland restoration projects in southern Iraq. Despite the reflooding attempts from the Iraqi government with assistance from USAID, the biodiversity of the marshes did not return in full as the sections of marshland that were inundated did not connect to one another.

Beginning in 2005, Iraqi environmentalist groups such as Nature Iraq partnered with the Italian government to commence the “New Eden Project”. Basing the name on the conception that the land between the Tigris and the Euphrates housed the Garden of Eden due to the region’s fertility, the New Eden Project seeks to advocate for the local marsh population, restore biodiversity, and study the region academically. Such academic studies have produced detailed maps of the region and scientific research on the progress of restoring the marshlands.

Other efforts to protect the marshlands come in the form of international recognition such as the marshes obtaining the status of a UNESCO Heritage Site in 2019 and being designated as Ramsar Wetlands in 2007. In July of 2020, the United Nations Development Program funded a project by an Italian NGO to protect the culture of the marshes and promote it as a location to tourists in the Dhi Qar governorate. The hope is that the project, called the “Sumerian”, will boost economic and educational opportunities for locals by bringing in eco-tourists and good quality environmental jobs. Additionally, the Ministry of Water Resources in Iraq has a designated task force called the Iraqi Marshlands and Wetlands Recovery Center which assists in regulating and rehydrating marshlands.

With Iraq now closer to joining the Paris Climate agreement, the country faces both challenges and opportunities. Iraq must move its economy off its current dependency on oil. Some of the oilfields themselves sit on land that was previously marshland. To achieve this, Iraq would be able to access more international funding to invest in green energy projects. Once Iraq joins the Paris Climate accords officially, the next step will be creating a national climate action plan.

Hopefully, environmental organizations in Iraq and those abroad with interests in restoring Iraq’s southern marshlands will be able to influence the national climate plan to protect the wetland’s culture and biodiversity.

Buying and Trading Gems in the Middle East – A Brief Guide for Beginners

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Ever felt the pull to dive into the glittering world of gem trading? If yes, you probably aim to explore this shiny universe in the Middle East.

But before scaling those jewel-capped peaks, you’ll need some sherpa-level guidance. The good news is that this article will lay down a sparkling path that leads you from “huh?” to “heck yeah!” on begging and bargaining for those precious stones in the Middle East.

gems trading middle east

Do Your Homework

Before you dive into the sparkling pool of Middle Eastern gems, the first thing to do is to sharpen your smarts. Swipe through info on sapphires to emeralds—get to know their stories, why some are rarer than a blue moon, and what makes folks say “wow” over clarity or color.

Also, catch up on cut and weight terms, too (because size matters here). It’s like prepping for a treasure hunt; the better you know your map—the sparklier the loot!

Get Connected

Making friends in high places is a smooth move if you’re looking to win at the Gem game.

Start chatting up locals who know their bling, such as trusted jewelers and sharp-eyed gemologists. You’re after folks who’ve got golden reputations that sparkle as bright as their wares.

These pros can give you the lowdown on what’s hot, what’s not, and help steer you clear of duds. Plus, they’ll often share insider tips that could be worth their weight in diamonds or gold.

Navigate the Marketplaces

Knowing where to head is vital when you’re ready to shop for gems. Middle Eastern bazaars are like labyrinths loaded with treasure, but each marketplace has its own flavor.

Some spots cater to big spenders looking for top-tier rocks, while others are a mixed bag where bargaining can snag you a steal. So whether you’re after posh storefronts or bustling stalls, picking the right spot is key to finding your gem without going on a wild carpet ride.

And if you are looking to avoid the misadventure of getting lost in a sea of stalls and shops but want to land some serious treasure like those showstopper Diamondere sapphire rings, you will want to take your search online.

Haggling Like a Pro

Haggling is the main event when it comes to trading gems. Roll into that marketplace ready to wheel and deal like you’ve got ice water in your veins.

Kick off with an offer that won’t ruffle feathers but keeps your bank account from bawling. Play it coy on how much you can drop on those sparklies; let them think they’re schooling you while you wrangle the price down.

Remember, always wear a poker face—even if you’re internally high-fiving yourself—and keep those offers cool as a cucumber. With some back-and-forth banter, chances are good you’ll both walk away feeling like winners.

environmental impact of mining diamonds

Quality Verification

Once you’ve found a gem that’s caught your eye, don’t take the plunge without some quality backup. This is where you get all detective-like.

Insist on a second opinion from an independent gemologist (think of them as your Sherlock Holmes for shiny things), or make sure there’s legit paperwork involved.

Sellers should be cool with offering certificates of authenticity from recognized institutions—like GIA or HRD Antwerp—that confirm your jewel isn’t just masquerading as the real deal. Think of it like gem insurance; it’s all about peace of mind, knowing you’re not getting duped by a pretty piece of glass.

Payment Smarts

When it’s time to cough up the cash, don’t just fling your money around. Choose a payment method that’s as secure as a vault.

If you’re in the mood to pay with cold, hard cash, keep in mind it’s best for smaller buys—you don’t want to be that person waving wads of bills around for all to see. For the big-ticket items, a wire transfer or credit card might be your best bet; they leave a paper trail and sometimes throw perks back at you.

Just remember: transaction fees can bite—check them out so you’re not paying extra just for handing over your dough. And obviously—no handover should happen before everything is shiny on the legal side, too.

Shipping and Insurance

Once you pay for your gem, it’s time to get that beauty home. If you’re not pocketing your gem immediately, ensure its ride back is locked down tighter than Fort Knox.

Regarding shipping, double-dip on safety: trackable shipping options and insurance. Confirm the seller uses trusted shippers that’ll treat your new shiny companion with respect.

And because your precious is probably worth more than my entire comic book collection, ensure you have insurance. That guarantees that in any worst-case scenario—like if it goes MIA—you’re not left making sad faces at an empty ring box.

Everything You Need to Know About Psychotherapy

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Mental health has emerged as one of the most common contemporary health issues, affecting around 13% of the global population. The stigma surrounding mental health problems has made it important to look for effective therapeutic solutions. Psychotherapy has the potential to treat a wide array of mental disorders, ranging from depression to Schizophrenia to personality disorders. Read on to know more about psychotherapy techniques and its benefits:

What is Psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy, is a collaborative treatment process for treating mental health issues through the use of scientifically-validated verbal and psychological techniques. The relationship between an individual and a psychologist provides a supportive environment to identify and change the behavioral patterns or change troubling thoughts that are impacting the mental well-being of the individual.

talk-therapy

Psychotherapy can be helpful in the treatment of video game addiction, depression, low self-esteem, drug addiction, personal loss, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and other mental health issues. The common psychotherapy techniques include talking, drama, story-telling or music.

Psychotherapy helps in understanding the behaviors and thoughts that contribute to the mental well-being and identify ways to modify them. Another important benefit is to identify the events, such as death of a near one, divorce or job loss, contributing to the mental illness and understanding which aspects of such problems can be resolved or improved. Psychotherapy can also assist to feel more in control of your life and regain lost enjoyment, besides aiding in the development of healthy coping skills for uncomfortable emotions and conflict-resolution.

Forms of Psychotherapy

There are various forms of psychotherapy, with some lasting only a few sessions, while others continuing for months depending on the individual’s requirements. Typically, an individual session last for around 45–90 minutes and may be one-to-one, in pairs, or in groups. In a group-based psychotherapy session, two or more individuals share experiences and learn from each other’s experiences. Nowadays, online therapy is also getting popular due to the COVID-19 pandemic

Couples therapy is a popular form of psychotherapy that assists partners to understand the reasons behind the mental illness of their loved one, and the changes required in communication, attitude and behaviors to help in easing the ailment. It can also help spouses to resolve relationship-related issues.

Human-Nature Relationship

Family therapy (also known as family counselling) help to address specific issues that are hampering the psychological health of a family, such as financial hardship, separation or death. Since family is the pivotal part of the team that helps people cope with mental disorders, it is crucial for family members to understand the trauma of their loved one, how they themselves can cope, and what kind of support they can provide.

How to Choose a Psychotherapist?

A wide range of mental healthcare professionals can help in the recovery of mental health disorders. These professionals work in in-patient medical facilities, such as large hospitals, and out-patient facilities, like schools and community mental health centers.

Before you choose a psychotherapist to consult for your mental health problems, it is essential to know about the qualifications, certifications and licensing requirement of the therapist. Typically, a psychotherapist can be a psychiatrist, psychologist, trained counselor, social worker or advanced psychiatric nurse. Usually, your physician will suggest the type of psychotherapy provider you need to consult but finding the right therapist is relatively easier when you have an understanding of the different areas of expertise and training.

Conclusion

In recent years, psychotherapy has assumed greater significance due to a rapid increase in mental health issues and the social stigma associated with it. In order to cope with thoughts, feelings and behaviors, it is advisable to rely on therapies, rather than medication. Psychotherapists can help people to live a happier, a healthier, and a more fulfilling life.

Environmental Initiatives in Middle East – Challenges and Remedies

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Environmental protection has become an increasingly important item on the social and economic policy agenda of Middle East nations. As I read last week’s piece titled “Environmental Impacts of Plastic Bags” I was struck by the succinct summary of the main problems with the ongoing use of plastic bags and how their effects can be felt in many ways, some widely publicized and others not. The article prompted a series of reflections upon other environmental initiatives emerging in the Middle East and North Africa, especially in Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.

In this article, I wish to share my thoughts on the current issues inhibiting local efforts’ success and possible means of overcoming them. Particular emphasis will be placed on widening regional environmental conservation narratives to include culturally-specific content, as well as empowering grassroots level projects.

Environmentalism: A Disjointed Narrative

Having studied in Cairo and visited Doha and Dubai several times, I can attest to the environmental degradation occurring in the Middle East. The case of plastic bags is one of many examples of poor environmental management and reveals multiple issues hindering success. Let us first examine the wide array of national level environmental mandates and legislation already present across the region.

Specifically, the rulers of Qatar and the UAE seem to be taking the lead by shifting their views and trying to address potential environmental limitations imposed by access to potable water and finite oil/natural gas reserves. I applaud these leaders for their work; my concern is that these initiatives come off as irrelevant to the realities of ordinary Qataris and Emiratis. Expatriates make up an overwhelming majority of the population in GCC nations, and should be given due importance in socio-economic development and environmental initiatives, alongside the native population..

In the case of Doha, which appears to have some recycling programs in place at Education City and Katara Cultural Village, their existence might be due to top-down mandates and perhaps some Western expatriates complaining that there is no place to throw out their recyclables. Without wider buy-in from indigenous populations and recognition of real benefits to recycling, conservation etc, the effects of such efforts will be minimal. Another worry is the low-level of enforcement measures in place to monitor the implementation and improvement of environmental preservation. Coupled together, such problems essentially take the sheen off such initiatives and can be seen as purely image-driven.

Religious Obligations and Ground Realities

Additionally, there appears to be a disconnect between the messaging being conveyed to residents in Qatar and the United Arab Emirates and the actual results one observes in these nations. For instance, there is a very apparent Islamic tradition being displayed throughout each country, as shown by the numerous state-sponsored religious building projects and “cultural” venues that celebrate the region as the homeland of Islam. Government officials and indigenous populations pride themselves on being the custodians of the religion, yet it seems that when it comes to environmental practices, tradition and historical knowledge are ignored. The Holy Qur'an has a number of specific references to important principles for environmental protection. 

Allah (Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala) says in the Holy Qur'an:

“And Allah loveth not those who do mischief” (Surat Al Ma’eda, verse 64)

“And do no mischief on the earth after it has been set in order: that will be best for you, if ye have Faith” (Surat Al A’raf, verse 85)

Eat and drink: But waste not by excess, for Allah loveth not the wasters (Surat Al-A’raf 7: 21).

“And do good as Allah has been good to you. And do not seek to cause corruption in the earth. Allah does not love the corrupters”(Surat Al Qasas 28:77)

The first principle which guides Islamic teaching on environmental sustainability is the concept of trusteeship. Being a khalifa (or guardian), a man should take all necessary steps to ensure that the entrusted property is passed on to the next generation in as pure a form as possible. This obligation, however, has gone by the wayside and undermines national images. Infact, the region’s Bedouin heritage and Arab sustainable practices also appear to be disregarded and treated as inferior to Western development theory.

All Is Not Lost

Despite these difficulties, along with the recognition that many MENA nations presently lack the capacity and infrastructure to rectify all environmental issues and face a sense of apathy towards environmentalism, I believe all is not lost. If we turn back to the earlier plastic bag case study, I see some options for ensuring greater community ownership and responsibility that could be applied to other environmental topics too. One thing that could help encourage a paradigm shift is a national media campaign illuminating the impact of plastic bag usage and advertising alternatives. Being a resident of Washington, DC, I have seen the city engage the public on this issue through the implementation of a plastic bag tax and highlighting reusable bags in local stores.

Additionally, it would be beneficial to draw upon the Islamic environmental traditions in marketing to the Arab world, in addition to leveraging the example of other locally-relevant respected religious and social figures. Essentially, the success of any environmental initiative stems largely from it being seen as fashionable and easy to do. In the case of plastic bag usage, lack of easy access to alternatives and the cheap cost associated with plastic bags enables the status quo. At a national level the argument could be made that importing plastic bags and having to deal with their after-effects are very costly to nations so a local alternative would be beneficial for all.

If local organizations and cultural centers (NGOs, mosques/other religious spaces, souqs) seriously began using reusable bags or handing them out as giveaways people may begin to disregard plastic bags and encourage others to do likewise. The creation of a dialogue in the public sphere and a partnership between the various segments of Khaleeji societies (native/expatriate, faith communities, governmental/non-governmental) could be a very powerful initiative and exceed government-only efforts to preserve the environment.

Green Finance: Powering a Sustainable Tomorrow

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Green finance provides linkage between the financial industry, protection of the environment and economic growth. Simply speaking, green finance refers to use of financial products and services, such as loans, insurance, stocks, private equity and bonds in green (or eco-friendly) projects. Green finance, which has grown by leaps and bounds in recent years, provides public well-being and social equity while reducing environmental risks and improving ecological integrity. For example, global interest in green energy finance is increasing at a rapid pace – in 2019, investments in green energy reached the figure of US$ 282.2 billion, which underscores the significance of green finance.

green-investment

Potential and Promise

Environmental sustainability, climate change mitigation, resource conservation and sustainable development play a vital role in access to green finance. During the past few years, green finance (also known as climate finance) has gained increasing relevance mainly due to the urgency of financing climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts, and scale of sustainable development projects around the world.

The impetus has been provided by three major agreements adopted in 2015 – Paris Agreement on climate change, a new set of 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the ‘financing for development’ package. The implementation of these agreements is strongly dependent on finance, and realizing its importance the G20 nations established Green Finance Study Group (GFSG) in February 2016, co-chaired by China and the UK, with UNEP serving as secretariat.

According to Sustainable Energy for All, a global initiative launched by the UN Secretary-General Ban-Ki Moon, annual global investments in energy will need to increase from roughly US$400 billion at present to US$1-1.25 trillion, out of which US$40-100 billion annually is needed to achieve universal access to electricity. On the other hand, around US$5-7 trillion a year is needed to implement the SDGs globally.

Such a massive investment is a big handicap for developing countries as they will face an annual investment gap of US$2.5 trillion in infrastructure, clean energy, water, sanitation, and agriculture projects. Green finance is expected to fill this gap by aligning financial systems with the financing needs of a sustainable or low-carbon economy.

Bonding with Green

An emerging way to raise debt capital for green projects is through green bonds. Green bonds are fixed income, liquid financial instruments dedicated exclusively to climate change mitigation and adaption projects, and other environment-friendly activities. The prime beneficiaries of green bonds are renewable energy, energy efficiency, clean transport, forest management, water management, sustainable land use and other low-carbon projects.

green-bonds

Green bonds enable fund raising for new and existing projects with environmental benefits

A record US$41 billion worth of green bonds was issued in 2015 which is estimated to rise to US$80 billion by the end of 2016. Notably, the World Bank issued its first green bond in 2008, and has since issued about US$8.5 billion in green bonds in 18 currencies. In addition, the International Finance Corporation issued US$3.7 billion, including two US$1 billion green bond sales in 2013.

Green bonds have the potential to raise tens of billions of dollars required each year to finance the global transition to a green economy. According to International Energy Agency, around $53 trillion of energy investments are required till 2035 to put the world on a two-degree path, as agreed during the historic Paris Climate Conference COP21. The main drivers of green bonds for investors includes positive environmental impact of investments, greater visibility in fight against climate change and a strong urge for impact investment.

Key Hurdles to Overcome

Many developing countries experience hurdles in raising capital for eco-friendly investment due lack of awareness and to inadequate technical capacities of financial institutions. Many banks, for instance, are not familiar with the earnings and risk structure of green investments, which makes them reluctant to grant the necessary loans or to offer suitable financing products. With rising popularity of green finance, it is expected that financial institutions will quickly adapt to funding requirements of environment-friendly projects.

التوصيل الأخضر والتسوق المستدام: دراسة حالة في الإمارات العربية المتحدة

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في عصر يتصدر فيه الوعي البيئي قائمة القضايا العالمية، يتساءل المستهلكون بشكل متزايد عن استدامة توصيل المنتجات ويبحثون عن طرق لجعل عادات التسوق لديهم أكثر مسؤولية بيئيًا. يتناول هذا المقال مختلف جوانب استدامة توصيل المنتجات ويقدم رؤى حول كيف يمكن للأفراد المساهمة في جعل كوكب الأرض أخضرًا أكثر من خلال اختياراتهم في التسوق.

supply chain and sustainability

التأثير البيئي لوسائل توصيل المنتجات التقليدية

تعتمد وسائل توصيل المنتجات التقليدية، التي تعتمد غالبًا على مركبات تعمل بالوقود الأحفوري وتعتمد بشكل كبير على التعبئة والتغليف الزائد، بشكل كبير على تدهور البيئة. يعتبر قطاع النقل مساهمًا رئيسيًا في انبعاثات غازات الاحتباس الحراري، حيث تنبعث شاحنات وفانات التوصيل ملوثات تضر بجودة الهواء وتسهم في التغير المناخي. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يزيد الاستخدام المفرط لمواد التعبئة غير القابلة للتحلل من مشكلة الفاحشة، حيث تملأ المستنقعات والمحيطات بملوثات ضارة.

حلول توصيل صديقة للبيئة

المركبات الكهربائية ووسائل النقل المستدامة

للتغلب على التأثير البيئي للنقل، تعتمد الشركات بشكل متزايد على المركبات الكهربائية للتوصيل. تنتج هذه المركبات أقل انبعاثات، مما يقلل من الأثر الكربوني المرتبط بنقل المنتجات. تنفيذ ممارسات النقل المستدامة، مثل تجميع الطلبات وتحسين مسارات التوصيل، يمكن أن يقلل بشكل إضافي من التأثير البيئي لتوصيل المنتجات.

ابتكارات التعبئة والتغليف

تحظى مواد التعبئة والتغليف الصديقة للبيئة، مثل الخيارات المعاد تدويرها والتي يمكن التحلل منها، بشعبية متزايدة. تعيد الشركات النظر في استراتيجيات التعبئة والتغليف لتقليل الفاقد وتقليل أثرها البيئي. اعتماد تصاميم التعبئة البسيطة واستخدام خيارات التعبئة قابلة لإعادة الاستخدام يمكن أن يسهم بشكل كبير في تقليل التأثير البيئي لتوصيل المنتجات.

different types of sustainable packaging

اختيار المصادر والإنتاج المحلي

يقلل اختيار الموردين والمصنعين المحليين من المسافة التي تحتاج المنتجات للسفر، مما يقلل من انبعاثات النقل. دعم الأعمال التجارية المحلية أيضًا يعزز الشعور بالمجتمع والاستدامة، مما يسهم في اقتصاد محلي أكثر صحة ومرونة.

التسوق بشكل أكثر بيئيًا

استهلاك مدروس

قبل القيام بعملية الشراء، يجب على المستهلكين أن يأخذوا في اعتبارهم دورة حياة المنتج، بما في ذلك إنتاجه ونقله وتخلصه. اختيار المنتجات المتينة والتي تدوم طويلاً يمكن أن يقلل من تكرار الاستبدال، وبالتالي يقلل من الإجم.

التحول الرقمي

اعتماد المنصات الرقمية والتجارة الإلكترونية يقلل من حاجة المتاجر الفعلية واستهلاك الطاقة المرتبط بها. يمكن أيضًا التسوق عبر الإنترنت أن يسهل إدارة المخزون بشكل أكثر كفاءة ويقلل من الفاقد.

WEE Marketplace: دراسة حالة في التسوق المستدام

WEE Marketplace، الموجودة في الإمارات، قادرة على تقديم نهج مبتكر لتوصيل المنتجات بشكل مستدام. ملتزمة بتقديم مجموعة واسعة من السلع في غضون ساعة واحدة في دبي، تجمع WEE Marketplace بين السرعة وصديقة البيئة. يوصي السوق باستخدام المركبات الكهربائية لتوصيل منتجاتها، مما يقلل من انبعاثات الكربون المرتبطة بوسائل النقل. تلتزم WEE Marketplace أيضًا باستخدام مواد التغليف الصديقة للبيئة، مما يضمن وصول منتجاتها إلى العملاء بأقل تأثير بيئي. من خلال التركيز على المصادر المحلية والتعاون مع الموردين الذين يهتمون بالبيئة، يساهم WEE Marketplace في الحد من انبعاثات سلسلة التوريد العالمية.

ملخص

بصفتنا مستهلكين، نلعب دورًا حيويًا في تشكيل استدامة توصيل المنتجات وجعل التسوق أكثر بيئة. من خلال دعم الشركات التي تعتبر الممارسات الصديقة للبيئة أولوية وتبني عادات المستهلك المدروسة، يمكننا أن نساهم جماعيًا في خلق مستقبل أكثر خضرة واستدامة.

Environmental Perceptions and Attitudes in Qatar – A Survey

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Measuring environmental knowledge, opinion and attitude is of paramount importance to the academics and policymakers for developing better policies for human well-being and protection of ecosystems. Self-reporting attitudes and behaviours are one of the ways to measure.

A first-of-its-kind national opinion survey on environmental issues was conducted in 2016 in a series of three surveys including ten socio-demographic questions in each survey. The survey covered a wide range of topics from climate change to government policies to urbanization to food.

The results show a large number of people are deeply aware of the local and global environmental problems. Overall, the public has a positive ecological worldview. There is a general agreement that public is willing to make concessions in their lifestyles to mitigate the impact on the environment. However, not many are willing to take difficult actions.

Lack of information dissemination is rife. The public is least aware of the initiatives the government has taken to improve the environment. The government must do a lot to disseminate the information and critically evaluate the State of the Environment in Qatar regularly.

environment-qatar

The environmental survey provides surprising findings on several issues that will help in developing policy interventions that could facilitate in transitioning to an environmentally conscious society in Qatar (target of NDS-I).

Background of the Survey

Environmental Development is one of the four core pillars of the Qatar National Vision 2030. The Vision lays the foundation for the sustainability of local ecosystem, judicious use of natural resources and minimize waste. To achieve this ambitious goal, the first National Development Strategy 2011-2016 set several targets to sustain the environment for future generations.

One of the key targets is to “build an environmentally aware society” and it is a precursor for successful environmental management in the country. To gauge the level of environmental awareness among the citizens and residents, Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI) initiated this study in partnership with the Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics (MDPS).

The environmental survey was intended to capture a current “snapshot” of attitudes related to Qatar’s environment and other related issues. The survey intends to contribute to the development of new policies or refining the existing policies and, potentially, to create new initiatives and programs to build an environmentally-conscious society.

The specific objectives of this survey were to

  • provide robust information on baseline environmental perception, attitude and behaviors of citizens and residents
  • offer policy recommendations based on the public opinion
  • proper new research agenda on understanding the interaction with the local environment among the citizens and residents

The surveys were divided into three parts and published online during February – November 2016. In total, there were 91 questions (Survey 1 -25; Survey 2 – 33; Survey 3 – 33) with extra ten sociodemographic questions in all three surveys. The sociodemographic variables used in the survey are similar to national census questionnaire except for the age category. The total number of respondents for three surveys were: 1,093; 753; and 963, respectively. The respondent’s age was above 17.

Key Findings about Environmental Attitudes

The survey finds that traffic congestion (62%) and air pollution (56%) are the two most significant environmental concerns of all in Qatar. More than one-in-four people believe depletion of natural resources (47%) and poor waste management (44%) also the areas of concern. Whereas issues such as desertification (19%), oil spills (20%), oil and gas depletion (24%) are not on high on public’s immediate concern. 70% of Qatari public view air pollution is the most pressing environmental concern of all in Qatar. Roughly half (49%) Qataris believe oil and gas depletion as a significant environmental problem than 22% of non-Qataris.

Desertification, sea water pollution tops the opinion list of Qataris than their counterparts. This indicates that Qataris have a general sense of understanding of the local concerns and expatriate community find it difficult to sense the urgency and importance.

The survey finds daily activities like air conditioning/lighting, water consumption and food waste contribute negatively to the environment. The public thinks driving a big car, having a big residence are not necessarily bad for the environment. Qataris are far more likely to see water consumption as one of the major activities affecting the environmental compared to non-Qataris (56% versus 34%). This view is common among the adults of age group 25-34 (54%) and 35-50 (70%).

Public’s response to most pressing global environmental issues (5 is highest, 1 – lowest)

An overwhelming majority (80%) of public know a lot or fair amount about climate change and sustainable development. Four-in-ten (40%) of the public say they know a lot about climate change and 32% about sustainable development. However, many other important environmental terms are less familiar; 15% say the public never heard about ocean acidification and some 10% say the same about ecological footprint.

There are some wide differences in opinion about desertification. More (74%) Qataris say they know a lot or fair amount about desertification compared to only 48% of non-Qataris. Qataris can relate themselves to the loss of ‘green’ in the desert area. But the diverse group of non-Qataris can hardly able to relate to this problem. Therefore, they know very little about it.

Collectively, Qatar’s public (47%) view climate change is one of the pressing environmental threats of our time. This view is prominent among the younger generation. Water and air pollution (44%) and loss of natural resources (36%) rank equally high in public’s concern.  However, issues like loss of biodiversity (18%) and urbanization (17%) do not really rise high in public’s view.

Generally, the public has a positive ecological worldview; non-Qataris are more likely to exhibit pro-environmental attitude than Qataris. A notable share (88%) of public agree that the Earth has limited natural resources like freshwater, food, etc.

A staggering majority (92%) of public back the statement that the quality of life depends on the quality of the environment. A vast majority of the public (91%) agree that humans are severely abusing the environment. Roughly two-thirds (63%) of public find it unacceptable to deplete the natural resources or sacrifice environmental quality for economic growth. 87% of the public overwhelmingly agree (of which 60% strongly agree) that we need to make sacrifices in our excessive consumer lifestyles to reduce environmental problems.

General environmental attitudes (or ecological worldviews) of Qataris

Fully two-thirds (67%) of public disagree that the environment is a low priority compared with other things in their life. By contrast, one-in-five (19%) Qataris say that environment is a low priority compared with other things in my life. Overwhelming majorities (88%) say they are willing to curb consumerist lifestyle to protect the environment and a notable share said very willing (37%) and 52% say fairly willing.

Note: This is first part of our special series on Environmental Awareness, Attitudes and Actions: A Baseline Survey of the Citizens and Residents of Qatar. The complete survey report can be downloaded from this link

Why Cities in the Middle East Need More Trees?

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In 2016, The Nature Conservancy, one of the largest environmental NGOs in the United States, released a report entitled “Planting Healthy Air” that examines the role planting trees in urban areas plays in reducing pollution and extreme heat. As the report indicates, the population of city dwellers globally is increasing, as is the number of deaths associated with exposure to pollution and intense heat waves. The authors of the report argue that urban forestation projects are one of the most cost effective means to reduce particulate matter in the air and cool temperatures in the world’s largest cities.

Urban forestation projects in the Middle East are an inexpensive and effective way of reducing air pollution, lowering temperatures by producing shade, improving health, and even raising property values. The return on investment (ROI) for tree planting is often more financially beneficial than other more costly investments, but ROI projections fluctuate when measuring effects in different neighborhoods. In general, the more densely populated, polluted, and hot a neighborhood is, the higher the return on investment tree planting will be.

middle-east-sustainability-trends

For this reason, it is understandable why major cities in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region are predicted to have a high return on investment for both reducing particulate matter in the air and mitigating heat waves. Some cities mentioned to have the highest return on investment in the region are Cairo, Beirut, Damascus, Rabat, Sanaa, and Baghdad. Other cities like Amman and Tripoli are mentioned to have a high ROI for reducing pollution but not lessening extreme urban heat.

Tree Planting Projects in MENA Region

Since this report five years ago, many MENA cities have initiated tree planting programs. In Beirut, AMWAJ began the Beirut River Forest and Green Cedar Lebanon agreed on a program with the city’s municipal government to plant over 10,000 trees in 10 years. Despite these apparent victories for Beirut’s urban canopy, the city destroyed the Mufti Hassan Khaled Garden in 2019, replacing it with a parking lot. One of the most ambitious urban planting projects in the Middle East is Saudi Arabia’s Riyadh Green plan. The initiative intends to plant seven and a half million trees in the Saudi capital as part of the country’s Vision 2030 plan. Other Middle Eastern planting efforts such as Jordan’s Green Amman 2020 Project and Qatar’s Plant Million Trees initiative will benefit the environment despite their cities having a lower comparative ROI.

These tree planting projects listed above are by no means the entirety of green initiatives in the MENA region, but many national projects do not directly benefit urban forestation. Morocco, for example, announced its Forests of Morocco 2020-2030 project to grow 600,000 hectares of dense tree cover around the country. Algeria, Tunisia, and Oman are also investing in large tree planting projects across their territories.

These initiatives intend to plant trees to prevent desertification and replace previously existing forests far from urban centers. While such projects are vital to slow desertification and reduce particulate matter from sand, they do not directly benefit city residents in the same manner as urban planting.

Benefits of Urban Forestation

The range that a single fully grown tree can filter air is approximately 15-30 meters. The greater concentration of trees in any given area, such as a city park, the more particulates the trees will filter. Similarly, urban design such as tree lined streets reduce a greater amount of pollution as the airborne particulate matter is filtered by multiple trees as wind carries the pollution down the road. Research from The Nature Conservancy’s report indicates that a tree lined street can reduce particulate matter in surrounding buildings by up to 50%.

Higher density tree planting also casts more shade and absorbs more sunlight which in turn lowers nearby temperatures. As climate change causes temperatures to rise in the already hot climates of the MENA region, efforts to cool urban centers such as tree planting are both cost-effective and reduce electricity usage for air conditioning.

Challenges in the Middle East

In many Middle Eastern cities, urban tree planting offers a large return on investment when factoring in health benefits as a result of more tree cover. What is more difficult than financing the projects is motivating local governments to prioritize urban tree planting over other development opportunities. Cities in the MENA region must proactively set aside land to invest in urban forestation rather than develop the area for commercial or residential use. Municipal governments also must research which species of trees to plant due to the limited water access in many Middle Eastern cities.

green-hope-uae

Almost every city in the MENA region listed by The Nature Conservancy’s report to highly benefit from urban tree planting are situated in arid environments. The report advises city administrators in arid regions to consider which trees are best to plant and if additional irrigation infrastructure must be built to ensure the trees’ survival.

While urban forestation is a useful tool to build healthier cities, governments must couple it with other environmental strategies. Cairo, for example, began a green roof initiative along with street level tree planting to reduce particulate matter in one of the Middle East’s most polluted and congested cities. Inhabitants of cities across the region must request, advertise, and support local initiatives to produce more sustainable environments.

These solutions do not need to be expensive or crippling to the local economy. The Nature Conservancy report suggests that investments of as low as $4 per resident in tree planting projects can dramatically reduce temperatures and filter pollutants from local air. As the MENA region moves their economies away from fossil fuels towards more sustainable energy, we must monitor their developments at the local level to promote environmentally friendly growth.

Green Building Trends in the Middle East

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The Middle East region faces a unique set of environmental and socio-economic challenges in the form of water scarcity, harsh climatic conditions, ecological degradation and abundance of fossil fuels. Commercial and residential buildings in the Middle East consume more energy than those in other parts of the world, mainly on account of extremely hot weather, rampant use of glass exteriors and heavy reliance on air-conditioning. The Middle East building industry, in recent years, is actively trying to make widespread use of eco-friendly architecture, traditional building methods and sustainable construction practices.

Some of the other drivers for the progress of green buildings sector in the Middle East are carbon-neutral buildings, self-sustaining urban planning and cultural sensitivity incorporating traditional Islamic architecture. Many countries in the region are increasingly promoting energy efficiency as a means to achieve energy security which has catalyzed the local green buildings industry. As far as social reasons are concerned, improved health and greater productivity are the top reasons for companies going green in their construction.

Siemens-Masdar

Green Building Trends in the Middle East

In recent years, green building design has emerged as a top priority in the Middle East. The number of LEED-registered buildings has increased rapidly across the region, from 623 in 2010 to more than 2500 in 2020.

UAE is ranked among the top 10 countries that hold LEED certifications in the world with Dubai ranked 3rd in the list of cities having the highest number of LEED-certified buildings. United Arab Emirates has more than 600 LEED-certified project, followed by Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Egypt.

Some of the prominent green buildings are Masdar Institute of Science and Technology (Masdar City), Climate Change Initiative Building (Dubai), Qatar National Convention Centre (Doha), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (Jeddah) and World Trade Center (Bahrain).

Siemen’s headquarters in Masdar City has the distinction of being the first LEED Platinum-rated office building in the entire Middle East. Msheireb Downtown Doha is regarded as the world’s first sustainable community, with more than 100 buildings targeting LEED Gold and Platinum rating.

Infact, the UAE has the fourth-largest stock of LEED-certified buildings outside the US at 3.1 million sq. meters. UAE also has the distinction of having the fourth-largest number of LEED-accredited construction professionals worldwide. Sunanda Swain, a leading Dubai-based green buildings expert says that, “Presently, the UAE has total cumulative gross square meters (GSM) of LEED- certified and registered spaces of 53.44 million and the total number of LEED-certified and registered projects are 910 (in comparison to 710 by June 2014)”. She adds, “In Abu Dhabi, over 700,000 square meters of real estate are certified by the Urban Planning Council under Estidama sustainability standards.”

Regional countries, such as Qatar and UAE, have come up with their own building sustainability standards and building laws to incorporate socio-economic, environmental and cultural aspects in modern architecture. Infact, Qatar’s Global Sustainability Assessment System (GSAS) is billed as the world’s most comprehensive green building rating system while Abu Dhabi’s Pearl Rating System (Estidama) and Dubai’s Green Building Regulations has swiftly carved a niche of its own in global green buildings sector.

qatar-national-convention-center

Green Building Councils in United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Egypt etc. are proactively working to popularize the concept of green buildings in their respective countries.

Conclusion

Green buildings can not only contribute towards environment protection in the Middle East but also bring lots of advantages to building occupants and users. Lower development costs, reduced operating costs, healthier indoor environment quality and less maintenance costs are hallmarks of major benefits associated with green buildings.

To sum up, green building technologies can serve as catalysts for smart urbanization in the Middle East, besides ensuring energy security, climate change mitigation, and opening new economic and job opportunities.

The Significance of Groundwater Atlas in Water Management

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Groundwater atlases are becoming a necessary resource for identifying natural reservoirs of our most precious natural resource – water.  A groundwater atlas for the USA was published was published by regions i.e. several states in the 1990s culminating in the 2000 release of the Groundwater Atlas for the U.S.A. It describes the location, extent as well as the geological and hydrological characteristics of aquifers across the United States.

An African Groundwater Atlas, a project undertaken by the British Geological Survey, released the atlas in 2014 making groundwater information and data available across the globe. Abu Dhabi released its groundwater atlas in 2019.

world-water-day

Importance of Groundwater Atlas for the Middle East

Across the globe, groundwater reserves are being depleted rapidly. Therefore, to better manage and conserve and even replenish groundwater, the location of the resource is essential. This is especially true in the extremely water scarce regions of the globe such as the GCC and MENA regions. The groundwater atlases are intended to better manage water allocation and access, and  improve the efficiency of water usage. Agricultural is a very large consumer of outdoor water usage.

In the UAE, in particular Abu Dhabi, groundwater is still the main source of water, while in the Kingdom of Bahrain, the natural water reserves have been used to near exhaustion. The Kingdom is highly dependent on desalination plants to provide the essential resource. Water security is a key national priority so conservation methods are essential to address the long-term sustainability of the region.

Groundwater atlas is an effective tool to assist in tracking, monitoring and analyzing the use of groundwater

Almost 65% of Abu Dhabi water supply is from their groundwater which translates into 2.1 million cubic metres per year. The groundwater is supplied from the Hajjar Mountains on border between UAE and Oman. For a desert nation, food security is intrinsic to the management of the water reserves. The greater portion of fresh fruits and vegetables are imported on a daily basis. This means that food security is also precarious in the region. Therefore, to introduce rigorous water conservation measures is of top priority.

Unending Benefits

It is difficult to devise a water conservation strategy when one does not have access to information about water availability in terms of geographical location and in volumetric measures. Therefore, groundwater mapping as well as soil characteristics are necessary information to move towards a more secure future. Water resource conservation measures however, will have to be integrated into agricultural practices such as drip irrigation, selecting of more drought and saline tolerant plant species, as well as embracing hydroponic and aquaponic agricultural practices.

The Abu Dhabi Groundwater Atlas was released this year as a tool to assist in tracking, monitoring and analyzing the use of groundwater. As the agricultural demand for water is so significant, better and more efficient water usage best practice must be identified and enforced in the area. Therefore, it is a critical tool to contribute to strategic water management plans and water efficiency measures. But in partnership with data mapping and strategic planning, community awareness of the serious nature of water resource usage and the limitations are crucial for any successful water management plans for the future.

Animal Welfare in the Holy Quran and Sunnah

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During the last few decades, agriculture and animal-rearing has become commercialized and industrialised. The breeding and slaughtering of farm animals in Muslim countries has become an unethical money-making business. In addition, the halal label  has lost its real meaning due to focus on maximum productivity and minimal compassion towards animals. The consumption of meat products  has increased manifolds in recent years which has led to significant increase in public health issues. Moreover, it is having harmful effects on the environment and on animal health as well.

animal welfare in Islam

Animals and the Holy Quran

Long before the emergence of the animal rights movement, Islam asked human beings to treat animals with kindness and respect. Allah’s mercy reaches all His creations including human beings. In the Holy Quran, Allah mentions the purpose behind the existence of those creatures. He insists on the protection of animal welfare and explicitly prohibits all kind of cruelty towards them. Only under strict conditions God allows us to consume animal meat.

The Holy Quran inform us about animal communities, which are similar to ours. This can only draw us to compassion towards them.

There is not a moving (living) creature on earth, nor a bird that flies with its two wings, but are communities like you. We have neglected nothing in the Book, then unto their Lord they all shall be gathered (Quran 6:38)

In this verse Allah, the Almighty, explains us that animals are members of different communities, like we are. An animal is a son, a brother and or a father of his or her fellow creature. This verse invites us to respect animals the same way we respect human beings.

Allah clarify us about the purpose of the existence of His creations:

And Verily! In the cattle there is indeed a lesson for you. We give you to drink (milk) of that which is in their bellies. And there are, in them, numerous (other) benefits for you (meat, wool, furr, transport), and of them you eat. And on them, and on ships you are carried. (Quran 23:21-22)

And the cattle, He has created them for you; in them there is warmth (warm clothing), and numerous benefits (drink, meat) , and of them you eat. (Quran 16:5)

These verses clearly demonstrates that animals have been created for human benefits. We can have animals at our disposal for our subsistence, for our clothing and also for travelling. That is why we have to thank God for all these bounties.

Also, the consumption of animal flesh is only allowed if the soul of the animal has left the body with the utmost respect.

Allah tells us how to consume animal meat and which kind of animal meat is permissible.

Forbidden to you (for food) are: Al-Maytatah (the dead animals – cattle-beast not slaughtered), blood, the flesh of swine, and the meat of that which has been slaughtered as a sacrifice for others than Allah, or has been slaughtered for idols, etc., or on which Allah’s Name has not been mentioned while slaughtering, and that which has been killed by strangling, or by a violent blow, or by a headlong fall, or by the goring of horns – and that which has been (partly) eaten by a wild animal – unless you are able to slaughter it (before its death) – and that which is sacrificed (slaughtered) on An-Nusub (stone altars)

…(Surah Al-Ma’idah verse 3).

Animals and Prophet Muhammad’s Sunnah (Hadith)

According to Aisha bint Abu Bakr, our beloved Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), was like a walking Quran on earth. He has shown us the Path by giving us the example of mercy and compassion towards animals.

Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) has mentioned: “Allah is gracious and He likes meekness in all things.” Therefor Allah recommends us to be meek with all creatures: human beings, animals and also with plants.”

Islam strictly forbids all type of abuse and inhumane treatments of Allah’s creation. According to Ibn ‘Abbâs (may Allah be satisfied with him), the Messanger (peace be upom him) once saw a donkey hot branded on the muzzle and said: “May Allah curse the one who marked this animal.” (reported by Sahih Muslim).

Abu Masud (may Allah be satisfied with him) said: “During our journey with the Messanger of Allah (saws), we were confronted with a bird and its two offsprings. At that moment the Prophet (peace be upon him) was abscent for a while. We took the two chicks. When  Prophet Muhammad came back he saw the mother bird flapping around us and said, “Who has upset this bird by taking away her children? Give them back to her.”

Abu Masud also said: “The Prophet (peace be upon him) saw a colony of ants which we’ve burned. He asked, “Who is responsible for this act?” We answered, “We are”. The Prophet replied, “No one is allowed to punish with fire except the Creator who made it” (Reported by Abû Dâwûd and Ahmad)

In Islam, hunting is authorised but the killing of an animal without any reason is considered to be a crime therefore it is a huge sin.

According to Ibn ‘Omar (may Allah be satisfied with him) the Messenger of Allah said: “There is not a single person that kills an animal unlawfully, even if it is a bird, without being interrogated by Allah the Glorious.” They asked: “which way to kill is legitimate?” So he replied: “ Cut the throat for the consumption and don’t kill to throw away.” (Reported by Nassâ’i and Hâkim)

Amongst those who were cursed by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) are the one that use anything in which there is a soul as targets for fun.

The goodness to animals is not just conditioned for human profit. It is at the fist place a religious law which applies to every Muslim.

According to Abu Huraira (may Allah be satisfied with him), the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: “A man walking on the road got thirsty. He found a well, so he went down and drank of it. After climbing back, he saw a dog panting and licking the wet ground because he was very thirsty. The man realised that this dog suffers from thirst the same way I did. He went back down and filled his shoe with water, then held it with his teeth to climb out the well. The dog drank of it and Allah praised and forgave his sins. Prophet’s Companions asked, “O Messenger of Allah! Do we get a reward for our good deeds towards animals?”. He replied, “There is a reward for the one who do good to any living creature.|”

Alternatively, if a man hurts an animal or if a man doesn’t behave correctly towards an animal, the animal will give an account to God the Greatest, as mentioned in the following authentic hadith reported by Imam Muslim.

Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, “ A woman was chastened and thrown in hell because she starved a cat to death. The woman neither gave her water nor food. The cat was not free to nourish herself with little animals of the Earth” (as reported by Bukhâri and Muslim).

Recommended Resource: How to be a Sustainable Pet Owner