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قصص ملهمة – القصة الثانية: ربى الزعبي – ملهمة الابتكار الأخضر والريادة في العمل المجتمعي

By Salman Zafar | February 3, 2024 - 1:14 pm |February 18, 2024 Environment, Middle East, Sustainable Development

المهندسة ربى الزعبي، قيادية وخبيرةٌ معروفة في السياسات البيئية والحوكمة والتخطيط في مجال التنمية المستدامة وتعتبرُ مصدرَ إلهامٍ حقيقيٍّ للشبابِ في الأردن وخارجه. تشغل الزعبي حاليا منصب المدير التنفيذي لجمعية إدامة (EDAMA) وهي منظمة غير ربحية اردنية تمثل إحدى أوائل جمعياتِ الأعمالِ المعنية بإيجاد حلولٍ مبتكرةٍ في قطاعات الطاقة والمياه والبيئة وتحفيز الاقتصاد الاخضر. ربى الزعبي سفيرة (قرارات عالمية Global Resolutions) في الأردن وعضوة في شبكة النفع المجتمعي (Plus Social Good) التي تحاول تعزيزِ الوعي ونشرِ قصصِ النجاحَ المتعلقة بالأهداف العالمية للتنمية المستدامة في منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا MENA.

وتعتبرُ المهندسة ربى الزعبي من الناشطين في العمل التطوعي وهي أحد مؤسسي المجلس الأردني للأبنية الخضراء حيث نسقت مرحلة التأسيس ووضع الخطط والتوجهات الاستراتيجية للمجلس مع بقية زملائها أعضاء الهيئة التأسيسية. كما قادت الزعبي قطاع التكنولوجيا النظيفة ضمن برنامج التنافسية الأردني الممول من والذي هدف الى تعزيز القدرة التنافسية للقطاع الخاص وخلق مزيدٍ من فرص العمل وزيادة الصادرات في قطاعات الطاقة النظيفة وإدارة النفايات الصلبة و إدارة المياه.

كما تم اختيارها للمشاركة عن الاردن في برنامج زمالة أيزنهاور للقادة للعام 2012 حيث تركز برنامجها على مجالات الاقتصاد الأخضر والمباني الخضراء وسياسات الاستدامة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. وتم اختيارها في زمالة وارد وييل-لوك Ward Wheelock Fellow عام 2012 لإسهاماتها البارزة في القطاع البيئي وفي مجتمعها بشكل عام. وترتبط المهندسة ربى الزعبي مع منظمة إيكومينا EcoMENA كمرشدة، حيث قدمت دعما هائلاً للمنظمة برفع مستوى الوعي البيئي وتحفيز الشباب ونشر المعرفة.

وهنا تتحدث ربى لأحد شركائنا إمباكت سكويرد Impact Squared حول خلفيتها التعليمية وأبرز إنجازاتها المهنية وكذلك رؤيتها وتوجهاتها الاستراتيجية.

سؤال: هل يمكنكِ أن تُخْبرينا نبذةً بسيطةً عن نفسك وما هو مجال عملك؟

اكملت دراستي كمهندسة مياه وبيئة ، ولاحظت خلال دراستي للهندسة بعدم وجود ترابط بين ماندرسه ويين التنمية والمجتمع. ومنذ ذلك الحين وأنا أحاول باستمرار تعزيز ذلك الترابط بينهما. عندما تم الإعلان عن تأسيس وزارة البيئة في الأردن عام 2004، حظيت بفرصة المشاركة في وضع وتنفيذ خطط التطوير المؤسسي للوزارة وتحديث توجهاتها الاستراتيجية في مجال التنمية المستدامة، حيث تلقيتُ وقتها الدعمَ والتأييدَ مباشرة من وزير البيئة انذاك والذي كان يؤمن بتمكين المرأة . ب شجعتني هذه التجربة على الحصول على تدريب متخصص وشهادة في إدارة التغيير المؤسسي لأكون اكثر قدرة على المساهمة في تطوير القطاع العام في الأردن. أما الآن، فأشغل منصب المديرة التنفيذية لجمعية إدامة EDAMA ، وهي منظمة غير ربحية تهدف إلى تحفيز القطاع الخاص للمساهمة في الوصول الى الاقتصاد الأخضر في الأردن والمضي قُـدُماً في إيجاد حلولٍ مبتكرةٍ ضمن قطاعات الطاقة والمياه والبيئة.

سؤال: ما هي أكبر التحديات أو المشكلات التي تواجهك في عملك؟

هناك قضية كبيرة تواجه العالم بأسره اليوم وتعتبر من أبرز التحديات التي تواجه برامج التنمية المستدامة الا وهي دمج مفاهيم الاستدامة في التنمية.، ويتضمن ذلك ادراج اهداف وتطبيقات الاستدامة البيئية ضمن مختلف القطاعات والقرارات المتعلقة بالتنمية. نضطر الى المفاضلة في الكثير من الاحيان. في الدول النامية يصعب وضع الاستدامة البيئية في اعلى سلم الأولويات باستمرار، إلا أنه يجب مراعاة كلفة المفاضلة والخيارات التي نفاضل بينها خلال عمليات صنع القرار.

كما أعتقد بأن مسائل أخرى مثل تكافؤ الفرص والتطوير الوظيفي وسد الفجوة بين التعليم وفرص العمل المطلوبة في السوق جميعها تعتبر من القضايا ذات الأولوية.

حالياً، وبكل أسف لا يوجد الكثير من الابتكار في القطاعات الخضراء، حيث نفتقر إلى وجود الزخم المطلوب للمساعدة على الابتكار في هذا المجال بالذات، ويرجع السبب في ذلك ليس لقلة الموارد الداعمة والمحفزة لمزيد من الإبداع والابتكار الأخضر، بل إلى عدم فهم احتياجات السوق وقلة إدراك العوامل المؤثرة فيه. لا بد من دعم أالرياديين وصحاب المبادرات الخضراء لييتمكنوا من الابتكار من اجل تحقيق الاستدامة . ان الرؤية التي ابقي امام عيني تتضمن هذه القضايا واحاول كلما سنحت لي الفرصة ان اسلط الضوء على كافة تلك التحديات والمفاهيم ا بهدف حشد الدعم العالمي والوصول إلى تأثير فعلي على نطاق واسع.

سؤال: ما هي المحفزات التي دفعتك لمواصلة مسيرتكِ المهنيَّة وماهي العوامل التي تساعدك على الاستمرار؟

لقد عملت في القطاعين العام والخاص والمنظمات الدولية والجهات المانحة. وارغب حقيقة في العمل في أالمكان الذي يمكنني من أن اترك قيمة مضافة وأثر مستدام. واعتبر عملي الآن لدى منظمة غير ربحية تحدياً وذلك بسبب الحاجة الدائمة إلى توفير مصادر تمويل لضمان الاستدامة المالية للمنظمة، الا انه لابد من أن نكون قريبين بشكل كبير من الناس والمجتمع حيث تكمن الاحتياجات الحقيقية. إن العمل في جمعية إدامة له ميزة إضافية تتمثل في العمل مع القطاع الخاص ويمكنني من هذا الموقع تعزيز الربط ما بين المجتمعات المحلية القطاع الخاص وهو جانب واعد لنا في الأردن.

كلما فطرنا أكثر في الطاقة المستدامة التي يمكن أن نقدمها للجميع، خصوصاً في ظل الظروف الراهنة التي ألقت بظلالها على المنطقة بشكل عام وتأثر بها الأردن بشكل خاص وتدفق مئات الآلاف من اللاجئين السوريين إلى الأردن، كلما تمكنا من تخفيف الضغط على الاقتصاد والموارد الطبيعية.

سؤال: كيف تنظرين الى موضوع القيادة ؟ وما هي المهارات والقيم الواجب توفرها في القيادِيِّ الناجح؟

قمت مؤخراً باصطحاب فريقي لتناول الافطار، حيث ذكر لي أعضاء فريقي بأنهم يستيقظون صباحاً وهم سُـعَـداء لأنهم يشعرون بالتمكين والتقدير. نوفر في ادامة مساحة لعضاء الفريق للإبداع والابتكار والمشاركة في اتخاذ القرار بعيدا عن التنفيذ الحرفي لافكار الغير حيث أعتبر ان هذا التوجه من اهم العوامل الواجب توافرها في المنظمات غير الربحية الرائدة. ر. كقائدة يهمني للغاية خلق مجتمعٍ صغيرٍ يُـمَـكِّـنُ أعضاءه من خلق مجتمعات اكبر حول القضايا التي نعمل من اجل تحسينها وتطويرها. . اذا فشلنا في خلق مجمع داخلي صغير لن ننجح في التأثير على المجتمع الخارجي الأكبر.

أردد على الدوام أنني اتمنى لو كان لي مرشد في مرحلة مبكرة من مشواري العملي- حيث لم يكن هذا الموضوع شائعاً عندما كنت أصغر سناً. لدي الآن اكثر من مرشد وانا ايضا مرشدة لعدد من الشباب والفتيات أعتقد بأن مثل هذه العلاقات هامة جدا . ومن المهم ايضا للمرشد ان يعرف كيف يوصل دعمه للشخص المتلقي للارشاد لكن دون التأثير على قراراته. أستمتع حين ارشد شخصا ما ليجد الطريق وكم كنت أتمنى لو كان لدي في بداية حياتي العملية شخصا يرشدني بنفس الاسلوب. كذلك فان دعم الأسرة والأصدقاء يساهم في تعزيز روح القيادة. فكلما زاد ارتياحنا في الحياة الشخصية كلما استطعنا أن نعطي أكثر للمجتمع وعلى المستوى المهني. أعتبر نفسي محظوظةً لوجود هذه الميزة في حياتي.

تمتعت بالقيادة من مواقع مختلفة ولم اتجاوز الثلاثين من العمر ولهذا مميزات وسلبيات. اذا لم يكن القائد على المستوى المطلوب من النضج فقد ينعكس ذلك سلبا على نظرة الناس له ولكل القادة الشباب بشكل عام. لذلك من الأهمية بمكان أن يجد القائد الوقت للتوقف والنظر والتقييم الذاتي للتطور الشخصي والمهارات المكتسبة بين الفترة والأخرى. التعلم من التجربة الذاتية هام لتكوين قيادات فاعلة. يحتاج النضوج المهني والشخصي الى وقت … هذا ما أحاول باستمرار ان اوضحه للاجيال الشابة التي قد يقودها الاندفاع الى الرغبة في تسلق السلم بسرعة كبيرة.

سؤال: كقيادية، ما هي القِـيَـم والمبادئ التي تقود عملية اتخاذ القرارات لديك؟

بشكل عام، أحاول تطبيق القيم والمبادئ الاجتماعية والبيئية التي أؤمن بها. أقدر شخصيا قيم العدالة الاجتماعية وتكافؤ الفرص والعدالة المبنية على النوع الاجتماعي، والتي أدى عدم مراعاتها الى ما آلت اليه الاوضاع في منطقتنا العربية.

اذا لم نستطع كقادة مراعاة ودمج هذه القيم في حياتنا الشخصية ومن ثم المهنية، فلن يتم تطبيق هذه المبادئ على أرض الواقع وعبر المستويات المختلفة.

ترجمه

جعفر أمين فلاح العمري

جعفر العمري، أردني مقيم منذ عام 2011 في الرياض- المملكة العربية السعودية، مهتم بمجال إدارة المشاريع ويخطط لتقديم امتحان شهادة إدارة المشاريع الاحترافية PMP. لديه خبرة واسعة تجاوزت 12 عاماً كمهندس في المشاريع الهندسية المتخصصة في قطاعات المياه والبيئة، في مجالات: التخطيط والإدارة والتنمية، والعمل كجزء من فريق متكامل في العديد من الشركات والمنظمات العربية والدولية.

Miswaak – The Natural Toothbrush Tree of Arabia

By Nura A. Abboud | February 3, 2024 - 1:09 pm |February 17, 2024 EcoIslam, Environment, Lifestyle, Nature

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Miswaak is an organic toothbrush which is readily available, inexpensive, easy-to-use and inherently natural. It is can be easily adopted by Muslims as well as people from other faiths as an attractive green alternative to the modern toothbrush for maintaining oral hygiene. Miswaak or Siwak is the Arabic common name for twigs of Aarak trees (botanical name Salvadora persica). The use of the Miswaak can be traced back to the pre-Islamic times; hence, the influence of Islam on the usage and spread of Miswaak in the world is significant.

Muslim Miswaak users have taken it as a device that should be used as a part of their religious ritual regimen for more than 1400 years. According to Hadith, Miswaak is a valuable tool for the maintenance of mouth cleanliness and good oral health. Many other health benefits including memory and eye sight enhancement, digestion aid, headache relief, and molar pain elimination have been attributed to Miswaak.

Health Benefits of Miswaak

The therapeutic and pharmacological aspect of Miswaak has been well documented. Several scientific research have shown that Miswaak, if properly used, is an excellent anti-microbial toothbrush for oral hygiene and gum inflammation treatment, reducing plaque and gingivitis, whitening teeth and eliminating bad breath, whilst providing a pleasant mouth smell.

It has proven that the Miswaak has beneficial ingredients which are not normally found in toothpastes with anti-cariogenic and anti-inflammatory hypoglycemic activities. Miswak offers a unique combination of chemical active material and mechanical techniques.

The Miswaak method has received global acceptance. World Health Organization encourages and recommends the use of chewing sticks as an effective oral hygiene tool in areas where it is customary. Commercially speaking, some countries such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Swiss, India, Pakistan and Malaysia have produced toothpaste containing Salvadora Persica extracts.

Surprisingly, despite the widespread use of Miswaak since ancient times, the environmental aspect of Miswaak has never been examined. As a result of the long-existing tradition for Miswaak use as an oral hygiene instrument in Muslims countries, Miswaak offers a unique environmental friendly technique for performing oral health and hygiene.

Environmental Benefits

Miswaak is an environmental friendly, organic and economic method in dental hygiene due to the fact that it is readily available, and it does not need expertise or any extra resources to manufacture it. Hence, it generates zero wastes, consumes the least amount of water, and uses the natural solar energy solely during the production process. Same is applicable during the utilizing and discarding processes after consumption due to its organic nature.

S. persica is a widespread highly salt tolerant plant. The tree is able to tolerate a very arid environment with mean annual rainfall of less than 200 mm. S. persica is a multipurpose plant; various parts of the plant are used as: fruits, food, fodder, and lipids source, gum as well as resins. Additionally, it is also used as a honey bee rearing plant.

S. persica is planted in several parts of the Arabian Peninsula not only for using its branches as a natural toothbrush, but also for consuming the plant itself as shelterbelts and windbreaks to protect farm horticultural crops and habitation. In the same way, the S. Persica plantation can help in the reclamation of sand dune habitat; it is functional for reclaiming saline soils as well.

Top Sustainability Trends in Europe

By Emily Folk | February 3, 2024 - 12:56 pm |December 4, 2024 Business, Environment

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Sustainability is a global issue, but ecosystems, economies and other factors vary from place to place. While trends that prove successful in one area will likely eventually spread to others, different regions may be at different places at different times.

In this post, we’ll focus on Europe. What trends are taking hold there? And which will spread to the Middle East?

Sustainability Driving Revenue Growth

While sustainability was at first often seen as a corporate responsibility and PR move, today it’s an integral part of business plans. It serves as a major competitive advantage and drives increases in revenue. In a recent survey, 56 percent of executives said that sustainability is leading to revenue growth for their company.

Sustainable products attracts more customers and can lead to reduced expenses through savings on energy, packaging and other commodities.

Focus on Customer Behavior

After years of focusing on their supply chains, companies in Europe are now taking their sustainability efforts further by focusing on their customers. Businesses are realizing that if they want to reduce their footprint, they need to involve their customers.

This has led to various customer outreach initiatives such as Sainsbury’s Waste Less, Save More campaign, which aims to reduce food waste.

Resources the Environment Provides

Continuing the trend of focusing on the smaller stuff rather than the big picture, language around climate change is shifting from saving the planet to protecting ecosystems. Europe is also putting more of an emphasis the resources we lose out, such as clean water and timber, on when we damage our environment.

While climate change impacts both the smaller parts of the environment and the environment as a whole, this way of talking about the issue can make it feel a bit closer to home. This helps inspire people to take action because rather than seeming far-off and ambiguous, it’s specific and communicates the direct impacts that environmental damage can cause.

Alternative Renewables

Solar and wind energy have had the renewable energy spotlight for some time. Now, other renewable resources such as geothermal and biomass energy, are having their turn at bat. Solar and wind still play a huge and ever-expanding role, of course, but energy companies, government and individuals are starting to explore other options as well.

Smart Everything

The role of smart technology is continuing expand in Europe, as it is elsewhere. More and more devices are now equipped with sensors and internet connectivity, enabling them to collect data and share it with other devices. Artificial intelligence can then help derive useful insights from this information.

Smart cities run on renewable energy, microgrids and energy efficiency. Internet of Things technology can help grid operators to better understand energy demand, making it easier to match production to consumption and distribute energy optimally. Smart buildings and appliances also play a role in using energy more efficiently. Many of these buildings are also equipped with solar panels.

Marine Conservation

Protecting the oceans is expected to be a major focus in 2018. Biodegradable alternatives to plastic will likely become more common, and we’ll see fewer disposable plastic products. The use of natural ingredients will become even more prominent.

Smart technology, especially IoT, driving sustainability in Europe

Some of the new consumer outreach campaigns from companies will focus on their recycling efforts, their reduced use of plastic and how customers can properly dispose of or recycle packaging and products.

More emphasis will also be placed on recycling plastics and using products made from recycled plastics, especially recycled ocean plastics. Almost half of consumers in the UK say they have an interest in purchasing fashion items made with recycled plastic.

These six trends are expected to be among the biggest sustainability trends in Europe this year. Which do you think will spread to Middle East, and which will remain for the most part in Europe?

How Can You Pick the Ideal Moissanite Bracelet for Your Style?

By Salman Zafar | February 3, 2024 - 12:45 pm |February 3, 2024 Lifestyle

Select the appropriate size

Like diamonds, the unit of measurement for moissanite is carats. Nevertheless, moissanite is typically less costly than diamonds, allowing you to purchase a larger stone for the same amount. Consider the recipient’s preferred style and finger size when selecting the carat size.

Seek excellence

Not all moissanites get created equal because it’s a lab-grown gemstone. Seek for moissanite stones of superior quality that exhibit outstanding clarity, colour, and cut. The brilliance and sparkle of premium moissanite stones will be at their highest.

Verification and Validation

Make sure an authenticity certificate gets included with the moissanite gem. Reputable jewellers offer proof of origin and quality of the stone through documentation. It guarantees that you will get a moissanite of the calibre.

Think About Layering Jewellery

You can have fun with your look by layering various bracelet kinds. To start the trend of stacking bracelets, pick one that goes well with the ones you already own. Consider whether you can wear the Moissanite tennis bracelets with other items. These days, stacked bracelets are incredibly fashionable and provide a distinctive style that any woman would love to try with her existing jewellery.

Determine patterns and colour options

Everybody always needs diamond bracelets to show off their style and go well with the rest of their outfit. However, as we already discussed, always make design decisions based on your personality. Choose to play around with colours, materials, and designs if you’re adventurous and fun. Seek out that which will fulfil you more than anything else. The most crucial element is that it must be completely comfortable.

Observe how long the sleeve is

Wearing personalised jewellery is pointless if all you do is hide it under your sleeve. Your sleeve should be approximately three-quarters of its length. A longer one will affect the elegance and style of your ensemble. Recall that long sleeves may get tucked under the bracelet, which would be uncomfortable.

Steer clear of over-analyzing

While layering bracelets is a great idea, don’t go overboard with the accessories. Overaccessorizing can ruin any look by making it seem careless and uninspired. You can pair your bracelets, though how you choose to layer them is up to you. It is best to forgo wearing additional accessories if you intend to wear multiple bracelets. When in doubt, adhere to fundamental guidelines to maintain a simple style. Trustworthy jewellers can offer advice on how to put together an eye-catching look for any situation.

Lucidity

Moissanite’s inclusions or flaws determine how clear it is. There are flaws of some kind in every gemstone. However, a magnifying microscope is required to view the inclusions in premium bracelets. Selecting the highest clarity available will guarantee that your moissanite jewellery will sparkle for a long time.

Shapes of gemstones

After going over the essentials, how should one select a gemstone shape? It is a matter of preference, with a brilliant round cut shape being the most traditional and widely used. Perfectly proportioned stone that is symmetrically cut and faceted to maximise incoming light, with each facet reflecting against the others to intensify that unique sparkle.

Client support

Pick a jeweller with top-notch customer support. They ought to be able to respond to any inquiries you might have and be informed about the bracelet. They should also be easy to get along with and respond quickly.

The cut of moissanite

Different methods grade gemstones. Checking the kind and calibre of their cut is one method used to achieve this. Most notably, the bracelet comes in many shapes, sizes, and cuts. Its brilliance and fire come from the cut. You might be unsure about your options due to the wide variety of moissanite shapes and cuts available on the market. Nonetheless, the round moissanite cut is the most popular and appealing choice for many brides. The princess cut, oval, marquise, triangle, and so forth are more shapes.

Lifetime Promise

Selecting Moissanite engagement bracelets with a lifetime guarantee has certain advantages. First of all, they last a lifetime. You want her to adore your engagement bracelets as much as you do. And they are meant to be worn. As one of the few gemstones that never fades, moissanite bracelets will safeguard her investment thanks to the guarantee.

Freshwater Management Outlook for UAE

By Sunanda Swain | February 1, 2024 - 1:31 pm |March 24, 2025 Middle East, Sustainable Development, Water

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Per capita water consumption of freshwater in the United Arab Emirates is the highest in the world. Over the last several decades, the demand on municipal water supply has increased significantly in the UAE. This is mainly due to increase in population growth, economic development and changes in lifestyle of the people. Though water is used by many sectors such as manufacturing industries, agriculture and domestic purposes, residential and commercial uses of water during the operational phase of the building is one of the biggest contributing factors that puts a strain on freshwater supply in the country.

Desalination and Sustainability

Due to lack of existing freshwater sources in the UAE, limited annual rainfall, high water evaporation rate, the only source of potable water in the region is the desalinated of sea water. The desalinated water contains huge amount of embedded energy due to the process involved in producing it. Apart from energy use, there are many other environmental and socio-economic issues associated with desalinated water. To name a few, there are multiple issues associated with the disposal of brine, salt intrusion, and the high costs of its production.

Forecasts show that the demand for desalinated water is expected to double by 2030. Not only the potable water production creates the problem, but also the resulting wastewater generated by the users poses many sustainability challenges such as putting strain on treatment facilities, land and surface water contamination due to overflow of untreated water, disposal of treatment sludge and expensive to production method. Hence, the management of water is considered as one of the most important challenges for the United Arab Emirates.

To deal with freshwater management challenges in UAE, it is important to bring a balance between water supply and demand side. This can be done by employing strategies to increase water efficiency and conservation. These strategies include reduce the use of potable water where possible, find alternative source of water for various water usage and increase the water efficiency of fixtures and equipment. Efficient strategies along with water monitoring that tracks water consumption and identifies problems can significantly reduce both indoor and outdoor water consumption.

Ways to Implement Water Efficiency Strategies

The best way to implement water efficiency in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah etc is to develop a comprehensive water strategy at the early stage of project design for both indoor and outdoor water use reduction. The indoor comprehensive water strategy must include the baseline building interior water consumption information based on number of occupants in the building and the flow fixtures and other strategies used.

It is required to do calculations for the both baseline water use and projected indoor potable water use based on the fixture and flow rates. The water use reduction targets can be achieved by using water efficient fixtures and appliances and by using recycled water where possible.

To achieve the targets of exterior water use efficiency and reduction, the project team has to develop water reduction strategies for outdoors at the early stage of the design. The strategies should include provision of metering facilities on all exterior water use and provision of easily accessible and clearly labelled water meters that are capable of monitoring water consumption for water uses in heat rejection, external hose bibs, irrigation system, swimming pools, water features etc.

Similarly, at the early stage of design, develop a Landscaping and Irrigation Operation and Maintenance plan. This should contain information on plant species, irrigation strategies to be used and strategies to use recycled water. The low water-use landscaping strategies include carrying out the baseline and design case calculation of building water use, developing a site plan showing the landscape areas, areas of hardscape and softscape along with their irrigation requirements.

Strategies to minimise landscaping water demands should be done through appropriate plant selection, irrigation system and recycled water use. Similarly, develop strategies to reduce potable water use for heat rejection and exterior water features.

Conclusion

Use of large volume of water for building operation not only puts strain on municipal water supply and causes negative impacts on the environment but also increases the maintenance and life cycle costs of the building operations. It also increases the consumer’s costs for additional municipal water supply and treatment facilities. Hence, various water efficiency measures can reduce water use in average buildings by 20% or more.

Many of the water conservation strategies have no additional cost implication or provide rapid payback while other strategies such as wastewater treatment systems and greywater plumbing system often require substantial investment. The main strategies that should be considered for water use reduction in United Arab Emirates are installation of efficient plumbing fixtures, use of non-potable water, installation of submeters, use of native adaptive plant species, xeriscaping, mulching and efficient irrigation systems.

My Little Paper Recycling Project

By Fatima Al-Banna | February 1, 2024 - 1:22 pm |February 14, 2024 DIY, Waste Management

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Paper industry is considered as one of the world’s largest consumers of fossil fuels and biggest industrial polluter. The industry is criticized by environmental groups for being responsible for massive deforestation around the world. With the use of modern technology such as the printing press and the highly mechanised harvesting of wood, paper has become a cheap commodity. This has led to a high level of consumption and waste. Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture.

Paper wastes constitute as much as one-fourth of the solid wastes stream in the Middle East. Infact the percentage of paper wastes in municipal solid waste is around 28 percent in GCC countries like Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Oman. These grim statistics are a major wake-up call for all concerned stakeholders to cut down on paper consumption and adopt paper recycling in a big way. High paper consumption and waste generation rate in the Middle East makes it imperative on regional countries to embrace the sustainable waste management strategy involving Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.

Why Recycling?

Material recycling process is one of the best ways to protect the environment. Waste management can be initiated in private households and organizations by minimizing the consumption of electricity, water, food, paper etc.

Recycling is processing used materials (waste) into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for “conventional” waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Use of 3Rs of waste management can also reduce dependence on landfills, protect environment, conserve natural resources and also generate revenues.

How to Make Pencils from Paper Wastes

I started this project last year in my college to encourage and motivate students to recycle papers. Like other educational institutions, paper consumption is very high in our college and I devised a simple cost-effective method to transform old papers and magazines into a high-quality quality pencil which can be used at school or at work. The following materials are required to start your paper recycling project.

White Glue
Lead from any stationary store
Old newspapers
Pencil for drawing lines
Ruler
Scissor

Step 1

Use 4 to 5 pages of the newspaper and measure the right size for the lead which is about 18 cm length x 10cm width. You can also draw with the pencil to make sure it fits the right size of the lead.

Step 2

Cut the newspaper following the lines you have drawn and it will look like a rectangle shape.

Step 3

Apply glue at the edge of the rectangle shaped-paper and place the lead to start the rolling process.

Step 4

Carefully roll the paper with lead inside by using glue at fixed intervals.

Step 5

After finishing the rolling process, let it dry for few minutes. Re-start the rolling process with another piece of newspaper until the pencil is of the same size as a regular wood pencil. Finally, your pencil, which will be same as a normal wooden pencil, is ready for use.

What Can You Do?

Be an active part of your local environmental community by participating and organizing paper recycling campaigns at your school, college or organizations. This also works when you are at home by sending reminders and emails through social networks and building global communities by sharing recycling ideas and activities that people can adapt while they are moving on their daily activities.

Please propagate this environmental message among your friends and co-workers. These 5 simple steps have the potential to make a big impact on the environment. Don’t forget that recycling a ton of paper saves 17 trees and 3.3 cubic yards in landfill space!

ما هي الفوائد البيئية للسيارات الكهربائية؟

By Salman Zafar | February 1, 2024 - 1:15 pm |February 10, 2024 Automobiles, Environment, Lifestyle

ترجمه:

بلال رجب استشاري في مجال الطاقة. لديه خبرة في أسواق الطاقة الدولية، وتقنيات تحويل الطاقة المستدامة، وأبحاث الأطر التنظيمية ذات الصلة. بالإضافة إلى كفاءة الطاقة وأنظمة إدارة الطاقة. وهو حاصل على درجة البكالوريوس مع مرتبة الشرف في هندسة الطاقة المستدامة والمتجددة وماجستير في علوم وهندسة المواد من معهد مصدر في أبوظبي، وهي جامعة موجهة نحو الأبحاث وتركز على الطاقات البديلة والاستدامة والبحوث البيئية، في برنامج مصمم بالتعاون مع معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا (MIT) في الولايات المتحدة. وهو مدير طاقة معتمد (CEM) وخبير معتمد في القياس والتحقق (CMVP) من جمعية مهندسي الطاقة. كما أنه حاصل على شهادة (LEED Green Associate) لإتقان مبادئ المباني الخضراء.

5 Common Types of Mental Disorders

By Salman Zafar | February 1, 2024 - 1:08 pm |March 25, 2025 Health, Lifestyle

1. Anxiety Disorders

Excessive worrying and frequent bouts of fear/apprehension are the characteristic features of all anxiety disorders. The main types of anxiety disorders include panic disorder and phobias. Many people experience panic attacks when doing usually common things like a stage appearance or a job interview. The major fallout of excessive anxiety is the avoidance of school, workplace and social get-togethers situations and, if left untreated, the symptoms may worsen leading to frequent panic attacks, nightmares, obsessive thinking, headaches, nausea etc.

The common diagnosis of anxiety disorders includes panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Social phobia (social anxiety disorder), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).

2. Mood Disorders

Mood swings are quite common in our society but people afflicted by mood disorders experience serious symptoms and disruption which impacts both mental and psychological well-being on a day-to-day basis. Almost 10 percent of the world’s population – children, teens and adults – suffer from some kind of mood disorder with the most common conditions being depression, dysthymia, substance-induced mood disorder and bipolar disorder.

In the long run, mood disorders have a negative impact on role functioning, quality of life and may also precipitate chronic physical health issues, such as heart disease. Cognitive psychotherapy is an effective technique to treat mood disorders, such as anger.

3. Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness in which people interpret reality abnormally. Due to disruption in both cognitive and emotional function, people with schizophrenia may experience hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking leading to impaired everyday functioning. The common symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations, hearing voices, social withdrawal, incoherent speech, abnormal reasoning and delusions.

Usually, people with schizophrenia need lifelong treatment, though treatment in early stages may keep symptoms under control. It is important to note that suicidal tendencies are common in people diagnosed with schizophrenia.

4. Dementia

Dementia is a common mental disorder among elders marked by degradation in cognitive function, beyond what expected from the normal ageing process. It is caused by a range of diseases and injuries that affect the brain, such as paralysis, head trauma, CJD disease, Parkinson’s disease, or Alzheimer’s disease and leads to severe disruption of consciousness, learning capacity, language, memory loss and motor skills.

Usually, dementia induced by a particular disease is irreversible and the treatment is primarily supportive with extra efforts required from the family and care-givers.

5. Eating disorders

Eating disorders include an array of psychological, chronic conditions that can be life-threatening. The common causes of eating disorders are obsession with food or addiction of a particular food item, body weight, or body shape, which is usually experienced during adolescence, especially in females.

This kind of mental disorder is marked by reduction in food intake, excessive eating and obsessive concern about body weight, body shape or poor self-image. The common types of eating disorders are anorexia, bulimia and binge eating.

Conclusion

There are different types of mental disorders, with different symptoms and effects. Mental disorders lead to abnormal thoughts, and changes in perceptions, emotions, behaviour and social relationships. Mental disorder is no longer a stigma and there are effective therapies and medications available to cure mental illnesses.

Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture in Gaza: Perspectives

By Ahmed Sourani | February 1, 2024 - 1:07 pm |February 7, 2024 Agriculture, Food and Nutrition, Middle East, Sustainable Development

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There are multiple constraints which limit the development of more sustainable and resilient urban agriculture in the Gaza Strip (and the West Bank). Current urban development policies, land use classification systems and planning have ignored to recognise urban agriculture as a land use category and urban development strategy.

Furthermore, there is still a lack of research on participatory urban agricultural development, improved production techniques, urban policies and strategies related to agricultural land use. Policy and institutional reform initiatives will be significant to enhance the potential of urban agriculture for food security, poverty alleviation and sustainable urbanisation.

Agricultural Land Availability and Access in Gaza

In recent years, there has been a steady decline in the area of agricultural land in the Gaza Strip to currently about 100,000 Dunum, for many reasons. The most important include accelerated population growth (3.5%), urban sprawl and increasing conversion of agricultural land for housing. This coupled to restricted access resulting from the Israeli occupation, including the establishment of the buffer zone of about 17,000 Dunum along the Gaza Strip’s border with Israel, comprising ca. 15% of the –generally very fertile- agricultural land in the Gaza Strip.

This buffer zone is classified as “Access Restricted Area (ARA)” and runs from Beit Hanoun in the north of the Gaza Strip to Rafah in the south, making access to agricultural land in this area, traditionally famous for the cultivation of tomatoes, potatoes, watermelons and onions amongst others, unsafe and a danger to the farmers.

In addition, fragmentation of agricultural property (1 to 3 Dunum per farmer) implies that (urban) agriculture in Gaza is – to a large extent – is often being done on small land areas. In combination with the poverty of the majority of the producers, scarcity and low quality of available inputs and water, this leads to low investments in the land and low productivity.

Water Availability and Quality

The rapid population growth during the last two decades has also led to the increase in water consumption for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. Estimated current annual water consumption of 160 million cubic meters surpasses twice the 80 million cubic meters feeding the Gaza aquifer. This has resulted in increased intrusion of salt water into the aquifer, rendering this unsuitable for human consumption and agricultural use. Lack of adequate wastewater disposal and treatment, threatens further environmental contamination and human health risks.

In this situation of scarcity of fresh drinking water, which are far less than the international standards of 500 cubic meters per capita per year, the large proportion of citizens (about 70%) are forced to buy water for drinking and domestic use, which increases the economic burden for thousands of families.

Current limited government, institutional and local community initiatives for rain water harvesting projects (for example from the roofs of greenhouses) and treatment of greywater and sewage water for agricultural uses, should be intensified; next to other strategies for drinking water supply (e.g. desalinisation of sea water).

Fisheries

There are about 3,600 fishermen in the Gaza Strip. Being confined by a fishing area of not more than 3 nautical miles, the annual output of the fishing sector in Gaza ranges from 2,000 to 2,500 tons, compared to the actual annual consumption of more than 8,000 tons per year. Some encouraging alternatives to marine fishing are being developed in form of private aquaculture farming projects.

Future of Agriculture in Gaza

Restricted access to (quality) land, sea and water, coupled to limited availability of good quality seeds and breeds, has resulted in a decline in the percentage of self-sufficiency for some agricultural products to about 50%. There is also a decline in livestock production on which the Bedouin life in the Gaza Strip traditionally relied on.

Generally, donor agencies have prioritised “more food imports” and programmes for “food assistance” and “free donations” as a response to food insecurity and poverty in the Gaza Strip and also in the West Bank. These programmes have often been leading to more dependency on direct household assistance and on international markets and increasing vulnerability for food price fluctuations (especially for Gaza with border closures; export restrictions; high import taxes and with an urban population spending a large part of their income on food).

Urban agriculture can mitigate food security concerns in Gaza (Photo by entrepreneur entrepreneur Feras Bakri)

Most projects aiming at strengthening agricultural value chains also had a focus on cash crops and export. Again export restrictions in Gaza hamper development of such export chains; while focus on cash crops, resulted in a shift from local to foreign markets; and an increase in use of scarce quality water resources, fertilisers and pesticides (increasing expenses for producers and with negative environmental and health impacts; soil and water pollution).

The shift from food crops (vegetables, fruits, field crops) to cash crops (strawberries, ornamental flowers) also led Gaza to now needing to import certain field crops, vegetables and fruits (with resulting price increases, increasing vulnerability to price hikes and deteriorating local food security).

There is a need to re-focus on food crops (field crops, vegetables, fruits, animal products, honey, fish) and strengthening of the local food system to ensure less dependency on international markets, lower ecological foot/food print, lower vulnerability to shocks due to climate change and military and other occupational measures that affect urban agriculture production and hence could alleviate the actual economic crisis in Gaza.

Everything You Need To Know About Green Roofs

By Catherine Hansen | February 1, 2024 - 12:52 pm |February 5, 2024 Environment, Gardening, Green Building

5 Comments

Green roofs are emerging technologies that can provide a wide range of tangible and intangible benefits to communities interested in enhancement of their environment. Green roof development involves the construction of a vegetative layer on top of a building adding green space to areas that would otherwise be unused.

The major benefits of green roofs are reducing energy use as well as air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing stormwater management and water quality, decreasing urban heat island effect by regulating temperature for the roof and the surrounding areas and providing aesthetic value and habitats for many species.

What are Green Roofs?

Green roofs mainly consist of a vegetation layer consisting of trees, plants, and other shrubs, a substrate layer where water is retained and in which the vegetation is secured, and a drainage layer which helps to evacuate excess water. The depth of the substrate layer is how the two main types of green roofs are differentiated. Green roofs can be intensive or extensive.

Types of Green Roofs

Intensive green roofs are thicker, more than 15 cm deep, which allows for the growth of a wider variety of plants including trees and shrubs. However these roofs are heavier, more expensive and require more maintenance and irrigation. Extensive roofs, on the other hand, are covered in only a light layer of vegetation, less than 15 cm, and are primarily made up of shrubs, low-growing sedums, and herbs. Unlike the plants on an intensive green roof, the extensive vegetation is typically self-sustaining apart from the bi-yearly maintenance when the beds need to be weeded and fertilized.

Because of their weight and function intensive roofs are usually used on commercial buildings. Commercial buildings tend to be made out of concrete and can support heavier weight loads than traditional homes. Once the plants are installed and the soil is moist these rooftop green spaces can weigh as much as 150 pounds per square foot. They also tend to have more room to include benches, tables, greenhouses, fountains and walkways that travel between different features of the green roof and provide space where people can interact with the natural surroundings. Intensive roofs tend to be more attractive than extensive roofs and can offer people a place to relax, eat or work in park-like settings.

Extensive roofs on the other hand because of their low weight tend to be more often suitable for residential type buildings or sheds and barns. Extensive green roofs are the simplest to install and are very often added to existing roofs. Depending on the source you look at these roofs may add 10 to 35 pounds per square foot to a roof’s load. Drought-tolerant plants and grass are the most common used vegetation on an extensive green roof due to their low water requirements and the shallowness of their roots.

Benefits of Green Roofs

Green roofs can be placed on both old and new buildings. The green roof system can either be modular, with drainage layers, guttering, filter cloth, growing media and plants already prepared in movable, often interlocking grids, or loose laid/ built-up where each component of the system may be installed separately.

Reports vary on installation costs but on average extensive green roof range between $8 and $20 per square foot and intensive green roofs range between $15 and $50 per square foot. This compared to a traditional roof installation which averages about $16 dollars per square foot the green roof installation costs tend to be much higher. Although a higher installation cost is required, the green roof undoubtedly offers more benefits than a traditional roof may offer.

Green roofs have the potential to reduce energy demands two ways: absorbing heat and acting as insulators for buildings. Adding a layer of soil and plants to a roof adds insulation to the building it covers. Since roofs are the site of the greatest heat loss in the winter and the hottest temperatures in the summer, the greater insulation offered by green roofs can decrease the amount of energy required to moderate the temperature of a building.

Furthermore, reducing the demand for energy consequently reduces air pollution. By lowering air conditioning demand, green roofs can decrease the production of associated air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions such as CO₂, coming from power plants. Additionally, because plants through photosynthesis convert atmospheric CO₂ into oxygen, the plants on green roofs can help filter harmful noxious gases in the air and reduce CO₂ emissions in the atmosphere.

لماذا السيارات الصديقة للبيئة مهمة؟

By Salman Zafar | February 1, 2024 - 12:42 pm |February 8, 2024 Automobiles, Environment, Lifestyle, Pollution Abatement

1 Comment

يعد قطاع النقل أكبر مصدر لانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في العديد من البلدان، يرجع السبب الأكبر إلى السيارة التقليدية، حيث تمثل المركبات أكثر من نصف الانبعاثات من قطاع النقل. السيارة النموذجية ينبعث منها غاز ثاني أكسيد الكربون والعديد من المواد الكيميائية الضارة الأخرى التي تضر بالبيئة وصحة الإنسان. وهذا يجعل من قيادة السيارة المناسبة ضرورة ملحّة الآن أكثر من أي وقت مضى.

تعد قيادة سيارة صديقة للبيئة وسيلة رائعة لمساعدة صحة الإنسان والبيئة. حيث تطلق السيارات الخضراء مواد كيميائية أقل ضرراً في الهواء، حيث أنه تنبعث منها مركبات كربونية منخفضة عند التشغيل. الفقرة التالة تساعد في معرفة الأسباب المختلفة التي تجعل السيارات الصديقة للبيئة مهمة جدا، وكيف يمكن أن تساعد في منع المزيد من الأضرار التي تلحق بالبيئة.

أثر التلوث على البيئة

يعد تلوث السيارات أحد الأسباب الرئيسية للاحتباس الحراري. غازات الاحتباس الحراري وثاني أكسيد الكربون التي تنبعث من السيارات ينتهي بها الأمر محاصرة ومحبوسة في الغلاف الجوي. وقد يسبب هذا في ارتفاع درجات الحرارة ومستويات سطح البحر في جميع أنحاء العالم على مر السنين. مع استمرار تأثير تلوث السيارات في ظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري، يمكنك أيضًا توقع زيادة حدة العواصف والفيضانات والجفاف.

تسبب ارتفاع درجة الحرارة في ذوبان القمم الجليدية والأنهار الجليدية، ولم يؤدي ذلك إلى ارتفاع مستوى سطح البحر فحسب، بل أدى أيضًا إلى ارتفاع درجات الحرارة. سيكون له تأثير على الأعاصير أيضًا، حيث تزداد قوة العواصف مع ارتفاع درجات حرارة سطح المحيط.

تؤثر المواد الكيميائية التي تنبعث من المركبات أيضًا على جودة الهواء والتربة والمياه. حيث تسببت المواد الكيميائية المختلفة في إضعاف طبقة الأوزون وفي هطول أمطار حمضية. علاوة على ذلك، فإن ضعف طبقة الأوزون يعرض الأرض للأشعة فوق البنفسجية الضارة من الشمس. تتسبب الأمطار الحمضية في مزيد من الضرر، مما يؤثر سلبًا على المحاصيل والغابات وجميع البيئات المائية حيث يطلق الألومنيوم إلى التربة ويجعل المياه في البيئات المائية حمضية.

كيف يضر التلوث بمنطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا

إذا كنت تريد مثالاً على كيفية تأثير التلوث الناتج عن المركبات على البيئة، فانظر إلى منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا. لقد عانت المنطقة من موجات حرارة أكثر حدة، وموجات جفاف أطول، وعواصف ترابية أكثر من أي وقت مضى. كما شهد الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا مواسم أطول وأكثر جفافاً وهذا يجعل من زراعة المحاصيل أمرًا صعبًا على المزارعين.

المنطقة العربية من بين أسوأ البلدان أداءً في نوعية الهواء

إذا ما استمرت السيارات التقليدية في أن تكون وسيلة النقل الأكثر شيوعا، فإن البيئة سوف تصبح أسوأ. فسوف تزداد منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا حرارة وجفافاً وقد لا تسمح هذه الظروف للمزارعين بزراعة أي محاصيل، مما يعني أن عدداً أكبر بكثير من الناس سيكونون بلا عمل. على الرغم من أنها واحدة من أكثر المناطق سخونة في العالم، إلا أن درجات الحرارة سوف تستمر في الارتفاع.

التلوث وصحة الإنسان

المواد المختلفة للمركبات التي يتم إطلاقها في الهواء لا تؤثر فقط على البيئة، ولكن أيضا صحتك. أول أكسيد الكربون والمواد الكيميائية الأخرى التي تنبعث من سيارتك النموذجية يمكن أن تضر بك شخصياً. حيث تؤثر المواد الكيميائية على جودة الهواء الذي تتنفسه.

عدم وجود هواء نقي كالذي من المفترض أن تتنفسه يسبب أضرار بالجهاز التنفسي، وخاصة إذا كنت تعاني من الربو. ويمكن أيضا أن تكون هذه الغازات سرطانية. هناك العديد من أنواع السرطان الناجمة عن تلوث الهواء في الهواء الطلق، والمركبات تلعب دورا كبيرا في هذا الوضع.

فوائد المركبات الصديقة للبيئة

مع ارتفاع درجة حرارة الأرض والمخاوف الصحية بسبب المواد الكيميائية التي تنتجها السيارات، من المهم شراء السيارة المناسبة وبيع سيارة الخردة الخاصة بك. شراء سيارة صديقة للبيئة هو الطريق الصحيح. إنها موجودة بأسعار معقولة أكثر مما كانت عليه في الماضي، وهذا الاستثمار هو وسيلة لمساعدة صحتك والعالم الذي تعيش فيه.

السيارات الهجينة والمركبات الكهربائية “صديقة للبيئة” لسبب ما. السيارات الكهربائية لا تحرق أي وقود. تعمل بالكهرباء فقط، مما يعني أنها لا تطلق أي مواد كيميائية ضارة في الهواء الذي تتنفسه. من ناحية أخرى، تختلف السيارات الهجينة عن السيارات التقليدية والكهربائية. حيث تمتلك السيارات الهجينة محركًا كهربائيًا ومحرك للاحتراق الداخلي، وهو ما تعمل عليه السيارة التقليدية. حقيقة أن السيارات الهجينة تمتلك محركين وتعتمد على الكهرباء في كثير من الأحيان تعني أنها تحرق وقودًا أقل من متوسط سيارتك.

ترجمه:

Waste Management in Jeddah

By Salman Zafar | February 1, 2024 - 12:34 pm |April 3, 2024 Middle East, Waste Management, Water

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Jeddah, a major commercial hub in the Middle East, is the second largest city in Saudi Arabia. Solid waste management is a big problem in Jeddah as the city’s population is increasing at a rapid pace and has now touched 3.5 million. More than 5,000 tons of solid waste is produced every day and Jeddah municipal authorities are finding it increasingly hard to cope with the problem of urban waste.

The management of solid waste in Jeddah begins with collection of wastes from bins scattered across residential and commercial areas. Wastes is collected and sent to transfer stations from where it ultimately goes to the dumping site. Most of the MSW is disposed in the landfill facility at Buraiman which receives approximately 1.5 million tons of waste per year and has an expected lifespan of between 30 and 40 years.

Buraiman or (Almusk) Lake, has been the dumping site of Jeddah’s sewage wastewater for more than a decade. Wastewater accumulates in underground cesspools and then transported by truck tankers to the sewage lake. The lake lies in east of Jeddah within the catchment of Wadi Bani Malek at about 130m above mean sea level. It contains more than 10 million cubic meters of sewage water spread over an area of 2.88 km².

The sewage lake has caused some wells in Jeddah to become poisoned due to raw sewage leaking into aquifers. Some studies have reported that water table under Jeddah is rising at 50cm per year which is attributed to the inflow of untreated sewage. As the only dumpsite for municipal sewage and industrial waste, Buraiman Lake is continuously increasing in size, constantly moving towards the south, and is now reported to be only three kilometres away from city houses.

Sewage trucks being emptied at the Buraiman Lake

The lake was created as a stopgap measure to deal with the increasing amounts of wastewater in the growing city. Jeddah’s residents use an estimated 200 litres of water per capita per day. The lake was to be used for depositing this water until a functioning sewage system was created. But plans were delayed because of inadequate funding. As 70 percent of Jeddah households are not connected to sewerage pipelines, wastewater accumulates in underground cesspools and later transported by lorries to Buraiman Lake.

About 50,000 cubic metres of water are transported to the 2.5 million square-metre lake each day. Only a small percentage of the wastewater from the remaining 30 per cent of Jeddah households goes to treatment plants for purification before being dumped in the Red Sea. Most of the waste water that is accumulated through pipes is dumped directly into the sea without purification.

Keeping in view the prevalent waste management scenario, Jeddah municipality is continuously seeking ways to develop city’s sewage treatment infrastructure. However, the current infrastructure is incapable of handling the present generation of raw sewage, leading to the continued storing untreated sewage at Buraiman Lake and dumping the remaining portion directly into the Red Sea.

Health Benefits of Miswaak

Environmental Benefits

Sustainability Driving Revenue Growth

Focus on Customer Behavior

Resources the Environment Provides

Alternative Renewables

Smart Everything

Marine Conservation

Select the appropriate size

Seek excellence

Verification and Validation

Think About Layering Jewellery

Determine patterns and colour options

Observe how long the sleeve is

Steer clear of over-analyzing

Lucidity

Shapes of gemstones

Client support

The cut of moissanite

Lifetime Promise

Desalination and Sustainability

Ways to Implement Water Efficiency Strategies

Conclusion

Why Recycling?

How to Make Pencils from Paper Wastes

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5

الهواء النقي في أحيائنا

ارتفاع الشعبية

وفورات في التكاليف

تحسين البيئة

خلق اقتصاد جديد

التحول للأخضر

ترجمه:

1. Anxiety Disorders

2. Mood Disorders

3. Schizophrenia

4. Dementia

5. Eating disorders

Conclusion

Agricultural Land Availability and Access in Gaza

Water Availability and Quality

Fisheries

Future of Agriculture in Gaza

What are Green Roofs?

Types of Green Roofs

Benefits of Green Roofs

أثر التلوث على البيئة

كيف يضر التلوث بمنطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا

التلوث وصحة الإنسان

فوائد المركبات الصديقة للبيئة

ترجمه:

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