مياه الصرف الصحي في لبنان: مضرة ام فرصة؟

من المرجح أن تأثر التغيرات المناخية على إعادة تغذية الأنهار والمياه الجوفية وتوافر المياه خلال الصيف ومواسم الجفاف

يشير التقريرالوطني الثاني للأمم المتحدة (وزارة البيئة, 2011) أنه من المتوقع انخفاض إجمالي الموارد المائية في لبنان ، المقدر حاليًا بـ 2800 إلى 4700 مليون متر مكعب ، إلى 2.550 إلى 4400 مليون متر مكعب و 2350 إلى 4100 مليون متر مكعب إذا ارتفعت درجات الحرارة بمقدار 1 درجة مئوية و 2 درجة مئوية على التوالي.

مع تزايد الضغط الناجم عن التوسع الحضري والنمو السكاني إلى جانب محدودية توافر موارد المياه والأراضي ، تعد الزراعة أكثر القطاعات ضعفاً مع تعرض المحاصيل الزراعية الإجمالية للخطر. نتيجة لذلك ، سوف يتأثر إجمالي المحصول الزراعي من المحاصيل ومن المتوقع حدوث انخفاض في الإنتاج.

هيثم دبوق، مهندس ورائد أعمال من مدينة صور. هو من أحد الشباب المبتكرين الذي يقدم مشروعه حلولاً عملية وواقعية لمساعدة المزارعين والبيوت في محاربة شدة نتائج التغير المناخي.

Green Resolutions for the New Year

This year, in addition to our personal goals, let us make another New Year resolution: to make this year the year we really ‘go green’. Supporting environmental initiatives should be one of our main priorities and needs to be reflected through our green resolutions and commitment to safeguard it against all forms of pollution and to protect our fragile and finite resources. Depending on our age, work, location etc., our priorities may be different but our actions should be in unison towards environmental protection.

green-resolutions

We need to understand that we have very recklessly plundered the global resources in a short span of time that is causing many adversities and catastrophes, but we are the only species that have to take preventive measures to avoid any such occurrences in future. Let us make sincere pledges and serious commitments towards our planet and protecting our environment.

gogreen-new-year

Let us, at the least, try to adopt the environmentally-friendly living tips starting from this year and onward, if we have not practiced earlier. Below is the list of sustainable resolutions for the New Year which you may endeavor to implement this year:

  • Protect and enhance the green spaces, parks and playgrounds.
  • Utilizing your roof for gardening and creating green areas.
  • Auditing of our household and office related activities. Improving tasks that require electricity and water usage.
  • Use minimum water for our daily activities.
  • Wash clothes in normal water and washing only when full loads are in the dishwasher and washing machine.
  • Turn off the faucet while we brush our teeth or shave.
  • Watering our lawn in the morning/ evening to reduce evaporation losses.
  • Changing incandescent bulbs and CFLs to LEDs
  • Conserve energy in all forms. Switch lights when not in use.
  • Unplug mobile charger and switch off computer after use as it wastes a lot of energy.
  • Avoid fast fashion. Reduce our insatiable appetite for design apparel and related clothing that we wear for only one season and throw it in next. Only buy what you need.
  • Do green shopping and donate old clothes.
  • Detox your home. Only use safe chemicals and detergents as household cleaning products for furniture, bathrooms and clothes including air fresheners.
  • Reuse and recycle material
  • Plan vehicle trips to avoid peak hours and traffic congestion.
  • Avoiding wasting any food items.
  • Avoid plastic bags and taking our own bag for shopping.
  • Avoid using Styrofoam cups, disposable cutlery and other related items.
  • Avoid un-necessary print outs and photocopy.
  • Minimize using bottled drinking water. This is expensive and generates plastic trash. Instead use water filtering equipment for home or use large refillable and reusable bottles.
  • Avoid using paper towels and napkins. Instead use cotton clothes and old used fabrics.
  • Enhancing our awareness by reading and knowing more on environment.

Enjoy the festivities of the season and be a more responsible citizen of the world. Happy New Year!

Sustainability in the Middle East: Complications and Opportunities

The Middle East region is facing a unique set of natural, operational, political, economic and social challenges in efforts to adopt sustainability. The rapid development and increasing population in these countries have led to an increased consumption of fossil fuels, water, and other non-renewable natural resources, taking a toll on the environment. Though the Middle East countries have significantly contributed to the carbon emissions, over the past decade they have taken positive steps towards addressing the core environmental issues and improving sustainability situation in their respective countries.

middle-east-sustainability-trends

This article aims at sharing the common challenges and opportunities faced by the Middle East countries in their path towards fostering sustainability.

Complications

1. Arid Climatic Conditions

The Middle East faces an overall hot and dry climate and has merely one percent of the world’s consumable water. Consequently, these countries face scarcity of water, forcing them to depend on desalination plants that treat nearly four billion bottles of water a day. These plants produce carbon emissions and sludge that is poured back into the water bodies, adversely affecting the environment. Thus, the arid conditions and the consequent depletion of natural resources do not help in fostering sustainability in this region.

Moreover, the rising mercury levels and the rapid growth of cities increase the need for air-conditioning and moderating the indoor environment. Thus, fossil fuels are utilized in order to keep these cities habitable in such hot and arid conditions.

2. Over-Dependence on the Non-Renewable Natural Resources

The energy usage and the carbon emission of an average person in the Middle East have doubled over the past 30 years. The inefficient and overuse of the non-renewable energy resources for transportation, built environment, and landscaping has led to the additional need for energy.

Moreover, the primary sources of renewable energy, namely solar, wind, and waste still struggle to compete with the oil and natural gas, owing to the increasing demand for energy. The Middle East countries hold the world’s greatest potential (45 percent) for renewable energy production. Yet, renewable energy contributes to merely one percent of the total energy production mix in this region.

Over the past decade, however, these countries have realized the significance of sustainability and are slowly adopting newer environmentally-responsive policies and regulations.

3. Lack of Infrastructure and Expertise

Several industries in the Middle East are still reluctant to comply with the sustainability standards owing to the concerns regarding the changes in the supply chain, the design process, the adoption of newer energy-efficient technologies, and the increased capital costs. Moreover, the lack of grid infrastructure and clarity amongst the local designers and management with respect to sustainable designs is proving to be a big hurdle in this domain.

In order to overcome this challenge, firms are collaborating with foreign architects, effectively training their designers, and hiring young qualified professionals to help them work towards a sustainable design and development.

Though the above-mentioned challenges are slowing down the adoption of sustainable processes in the Middle East, huge projects are being undertaken by these countries to demonstrate the increased levels of sustainability awareness and encash on the available opportunities.

Opportunities

1. Abundant Availability of Renewable Energy Systems

Owing to the increasing environmental concerns such as the global warming and the depletion of fossil fuels, the Middle East countries are taking concrete steps to trim down their dependence on oil and gas. They are now investing in clean energy, lowering their carbon footprint and fostering sustainable development.

The UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Qatar are investing in a number of renewable energy schemes and aiming to achieve 30, 15, and 20 percent of their power generation respectively from renewable energy sources by 2030. The Masdar City in Abu Dhabi is expected to be the world’s most sustainable eco-city. This city is expected to exemplify how other cities can accommodate rapid urbanization through the efficient utilization of energy, water, and waste.

The Middle East has abundant sources of renewable energy resources, namely solar and wind that can be effectively used to build a sustainable environment. A huge part of the Middle East lies within the Global Sun Belt, the area around the world that gets the most sunlight and the least rainfall. These climatic conditions can generate and supply terawatts of solar electricity, offering a global source of renewable energy.

2. Establishment of Development Institutions and Regulations

The government, the non-government, and the industry experts in the Middle East are increasingly taking an interest and investing their time and energy in establishing sustainable development institutions and regulations. This positive trend can be capitalized upon to overcome the challenges described above.

For instance, the government of the United Arab Emirates has recently announced its objective of building a sustainable nation and making sustainability one of the core themes of the EXPO 2020. Similarly, Estidama (‘sustainability’ in Arabic) is the first organic sustainability framework in the Middle East that imposes green building code under the pearl rating system.

The Presidency of Meteorology and Environment (PME), Saudi Arabia too announced a decree asking all the organizations to meet the air, water, and noise pollution standards approved by the nation’s Council of Ministers.

A rooftop solar power project in Abu Dhabi

The increased investments by the Middle East countries in sustainable development projects such as the introduction of the Green Building Regulation and the use of renewable energy and recycling strategies will help preserve the natural resources and reduce the carbon footprint, fostering sustainability in this region.

3. Growing Usage of Eco-Friendly Products

The government and non-government organizations in the Middle East are taking proactive measures to control the waste output by introducing sustainable energy and waste management projects. The waste is being recycled and reused to create new products, generate energy through incineration, and for landfilling. For instance, the UAE has achieved a 70 percent recycling rate in less than ten years, reaching its goal of zero waste.

An increasing number of firms in the Middle East are showing their commitment towards protecting the environment and fostering sustainability worldwide. Implementing environment-friendly policies and practices is also enabling these firms to differentiate themselves from the competition.

For instance, the increased usage of eco-friendly molded pulp packaging is helping organizations to enhance their brand image while conserving the energy and natural resources.

Parting Shot

The Middle East countries have always been establishing their expertise and resilience with regards to overcoming a range of economic, natural, political, technical, and social challenges. As the world is shifting towards creating sustainable systems, the Middle East countries are striving to adopt environment-friendly options, overcoming the challenges of sustainability.

The above-mentioned pointers will help you appreciate the sustainability complications and opportunities in the Middle East.

Can Bitcoin Go Green One Day?

Many people who love to live off-grid or practice being self sufficient love the premise of cryptocurrency. It is perfectly aligned with the ethos of those who wish to unplug from the mainstream and do things their own way. Since cryptocurrency is decentralized and has no governing authority it seems like it should be a perfect fit for these types of people.

Unfortunately, there is one glaring area which makes bitcoin and other cryptocurrency an anathema to those off-grid lifestylers. The price of Bitcoin is the key driver behind the environmental impact of the mining network. The mining of cryptocurrency is a huge user of energy which relies mainly on fossil fuels. In fact, the Bitcoin network can consume several times more electrical energy than many countries.

The problem is the servers that do the computing whenever you buy Bitcoins that require a lot of electricity to operate. And since the currency has become more mainstream than ever, there are acres of servers in each site required to keep up with the demand.

bitcoin-renewable-energy

Can this ever change and bitcoin become green one day so those that care about the environment will be able to buy bitcoin? In this article, I will go over some of the ways that bitcoin can become greener and less of a power hog.

1. Solar power

One of the most obvious ways for bitcoin to go green is to stop using fossil fuels and switch to solar to power the servers responsible for mining the cryptocurrency.

The problem with solar power is that it has to be very consistent and in the area where the servers are. Unfortunately, the places where these servers could work with solar are quite expensive. For instance, California would be ideal since they often have periods of negative priced power. This is when there is more power being created than there is demand.

Negative pricing would be the perfect scenario for those servers since it would be a dramatically lower cost than even the cheapest fossil fuels. The issue is that the solar farm would need to be really big and land in California is very expensive. As are the other operating costs.

What could make sense is to move some of the solar farms to areas in developing countries where there is plenty of sunlight. This would help their local economy and also make sure that bitcoin mining via solar is viable.

2. Geothermal Energy

Iceland has attracted many of these server mining operations since it is an area rich with geothermal energy capabilities. Its proximity to volcanic activities gives it free energy 24 hours per day 365 days per year.

Another benefit is the cool climate makes it cheap and easy to cool the servers which get very hot.

And Iceland isn’t the only place where this is available. There are volcanic areas all over the world that offer the same capabilities.

3. Hydropower

Hydroelectric generation is another power source that operates all day every day without pause. And luckily, there are many countries that offer cheap land that can be built upon to take advantage for mining operations.

With the high price of bitcoin right now, it is a good time to invest in these technologies since miners will still make money and move towards a green cryptocurrency.

Recycling of Aluminium: Trends in Middle East

The demand for aluminium products is growing steadily in the Middle East because of their positive contribution to modern living. Aluminium finds extensive use almost all walks of life including transport, food and medicine, packaging, construction, electronics and electrical power transmission. Infact, the use of aluminum exceeds that of any other metal except iron. Aluminium is the second most widely used metal whereas the aluminium can is the most recycled consumer product in the world.

Aluminium_Recycling

Recycling Potential of Aluminium

Disposal of aluminium wastes is a challenging task as aluminium exposed to fires at dumpsites can be a serious environmental problem in the form of poisonous gases and mosquito breeding. Recycled aluminium can be utilized for almost all applications, and can preserve raw materials and reduce toxic emissions, apart from significant energy conservation.

Aluminum has a high market value and continues to provide an economic incentive to recycle it. The excellent recyclability of aluminium, together with its high scrap value and the low energy needs during recycling make aluminium lightweight solutions highly desirable.

The contribution of the recycled metal to the global output of aluminium products has increased from 17 percent in 1960 to 34 percent today, and risen to almost 40 percent by 2020. Global aluminium recycling rates are high, with approximately 90 per cent of the metal used for transport and construction applications recovered, and over 60 per cent of used beverage cans are collected.

Benefits of Aluminium Recycling

Aluminium does not degrade during the recycling process, since its atomic structure is not altered during melting. Aluminium recycling is both economically and environmentally effective, as it requires a lot less energy to recycle than it does to mine, extract and smelt aluminium ore.

aluminium-cans-recycling

 

Recycled aluminium requires only 5% of the energy used to make primary aluminium, and can have the same properties as the parent metal. However, in the course of multiple recycling, more and more alloying elements are introduced into the metal cycle. This effect is put to good use in the production of casting alloys, which generally need these elements to attain the desired alloy properties.

The industry has a long tradition of collecting and recycling used aluminium products. Over the years, USA and European countries have developed robust separate collection systems for aluminium packaging with a good degree of success. Recycled aluminium can made into aircraft, automobiles, bicycles, boats, computers, cookware, gutters, siding, wire and cans.

Aluminium Recycling in Middle East

Middle East is responsible for generation of huge amount of aluminium wastes each year. The enormity of the problem can be gauged from the fact more than 500 million beverage cans are used in UAE alone, out of which only 5% is recycled while the rest goes to scrap dealers or landfills.

Middle East has a very strong aluminium industry which could benefit a lot from aluminium recycling initiatives. Recycling of aluminium is a long-term viable option for the region as it reduces the need for raw materials and use of valuable fossil fuels.

معلومات مضللة عن تغير المناخ

منذ أجيال وصناعات النفط والفحم وكبار عملائهم يدبّرون حملةً معقدةً ذات نجاحٍ هائل، كلّفت ملايين الدولارات،هدفها إقناع العامة أن تغيّر المناخ ليس خطراً حقيقيّ. الدافع وراء حملة المعلومات الخاطئة عن تغيّر المناخ هو حماية أرباح تلك الشركات عبر سحق أي تصرف يؤدي إلى خفض انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون وغيرها من الغازات المضرة للبيئة التي تنتج في عملية حرق الوقود الاحفوري.

السياسات مثل ضريبة الكربون وحد الكربون مصمّمين من أجل حد إطلاق غاز ثاني أكسيد الكربون عبر تقليل طلب الوقود الاحفوري. لكن شركات القود الاحفوري يعلمون أن نقص إستهلاك الوقود سوف يُقَلِّص من أرباحهِم، ويدمر قيمة احتياطاتهم من النفط والفحم والغاز الطبيعي، التي تقدر بتريليونات الدولارات.

climate-change-disinformation

القادة في مجال الوقود الاحفوري قد عَلِموا منذ زمن طويل أن مع تطور السياسات التي تهاجم حرق الوقودالاحفوري وتغيّر المناخ، وتحولها إلى تشريعا وقوانين، ستتأثر أرباحهم. استباقًا لهذه التهديدات لدخلهم، كبار شركات الوقود الاحفوري — والذين يشاركونهم في مصالحهم — طرحوا حملةً ممولة بالكامل لقمع علم المناخ. علِمَ مُهَنّدِسيها أن هذه الحملة، إن نجحت، سوف توفر أساساً منطقي يمهّد لعرقلتهم السياسية والقانونية لأي مبادرات سياسية تحمي البيئة.

فوق انها خدمت وتستمر في خدمة أغراض سياسية واقتصادية للصناعات التي اختلقتها، هي أيضاً تؤدي غرضاً سيكولوجياً، وهو رسم صورة كاذبة لعلم المناخ واقتصاد المناخ واقتصاد حماية المناخ تدعم أن مصالح شركات الوقو  الاحفوري الاقتصادية هي مصالح نبيلة، لكي يجعلون من يرفض علم المناخ يظن أنه “في جانب الملائكة”.

في الساحة السياسية، حملة شركات الوقود لم تنجح في تشويش حقائق تغيّر المناخ فحسب، بل استطاعت أن تمنع مشاركة الولايات المتحدة الامريكيه في بروتوكول كيوتو عام ١٩٩٧، وهي معاهدة عالمية لحماية المناخ لم يسبق مثلها، وسيتم ذكرها بكثرة في هذا الكتاب.

المعارضة الصناعية ضد علم المناخ والسياسات الصديقة المناخ قد اصبحت اكثر تعقيداً وتنوعاً في الجي  الماضي. الحملة تعمل عبر عشرات المعاه الممولة من قبل شركات الوقود الاحفوري ومراكز السياسة ولجان  ومؤسسات بحثية ومجتمعات يتحدثون عن المناخ والطاقة باسم تلك الشركات.  متشككين المناخ” هو اللقب المفضل لهم، ومن ضمنهم محافظون ضد الحكومة وضد التنظيم والليبرتاريّون الذين يعارضون الحكومة لأسبابٍ أيديولوجية. هذه الاستراتيجية تم استخدامها عادةً لإخفاء الاوصاف المزيفة لعلم المناخ المؤسسة أيديولوجياً تحت قناع العلم.

لكن مراجعة المنشورات العلمية عن المناخ تكشف أنه توجد الاف الأبحاث العلمية الموثقة وذات جودة عالية توثق جميع مراحل تغيّر المناخ، ولاتوجد إا أبحاث معدودة معارضة لدلائل تغيّر المناخ. غير ذلك، نرى ان نتائج أبحاث علم المناخ التي تؤكد على حقيقة تغيّر المناخ ودور الانسانية فيها توجدي أعلى المجلات العلمية هيبةً ومكانة.

تقريباً دون استثناء، تقارير المستنكرون توجد في منشورات غير موثوقة؛ حيث أن اعتراضاتهم لعلم المناخ تم تفنيدها مراراً وتكرارًا، لذلك هم لا يجذبو انتباه المنشورات العلمية المحترمة. وأخيراً، الأكاديميات الوطنية للعلوم في معظم الأمم قد استنتجوا أننا نجعل الكوكب أكثر حرارةً.

climate-change-impacts

في مراحل نقاش المناخ الأولية، المنظمات الوكيلة لشركات الوقود الاحفوري ناقضت علم المناخ بشكلٍ قاطع وادعت أن الكوكب يزيد برداً و أنه حتماً لا يزيد حرارة، ولو كانت تزيد حرارةً ذلك ليس ناتج عن نشاطات الإنسان، وسوف تكون زيادة الحرارة قليلة ومفيدة. كثير من هذه الادعاءات الكاذبة  مت هجرتها من قبل الجميع إلا أشد معارضيّ علم المناخ، حيث أن الرأي العلمي العالمي المجمع زاد قوةً مع الظهور المستمر لأدلة تثبت أن الاحترارالعالمي مشكلة يجب معالجتها. ولكن بعض منكرو تغيّر المناخ مستمرون في تقديم حجج باطلة.

على سبيل المثال، نُقّاد سياسات معالجة تغيّر المناخ الصناعيين(مثل الجمعية الوطنية للمصنعين في الولايات المتحدة) رفعوا قضية عند الكونغرس أن التدابير التي تقلل انبعاثات الكربون سوف تسبب تدهوراً اقتصاديّ فيصورة ضرائب عالية ووظائف مفقودة وقلة تنافسية الولايات المتحدة في الأسواق  لعالمية.

ولأن حججهم لم تكسب زخماً في المجال العلمي، مراكز الفكر الممولة من قبل صناعة الوقود الاحفوري حاولت أنتعرض قضيتهم ضد علم المناخ للساذ ين من الصحافة والسياسيين والقادة والطلبة والعامة. اليوم نرى أن مشككو المناخ وحلفائهم لديهم وجود واسع في الإنترنت والراديو والتلفاز وأيضا المحلات والكتب الممولة من قبل صناعات الوقود الاحفوري.

إن فتح أي شخص عادي الإنترنت وبحث عن تغيّر المناخ سوف يواجه ضغط شديد يدفعه إلى تكذيب الحق في بحرٍ من المعلومات المخادعة التي تنش ها هذه المنظمات. حيث أن من أكثر الحجج إقناعاً تتكون من تصريحات كاذبة مغلفة بطبقاتٍ من الحق، فيصبح الأمر صعباً على من لم يمر بتدريب علمي متقدم لكي يفرق الحق منالباطل.

Translated by Wadha Al Hemaidi

Wadha is a 16-year old environmentalist-in-progress. Her main environmental interests fluctuate regularly, but right now it’s food waste and clean energy.  She also debates and weaves tapestries from time to time.

How to Train and Motivate Your Lead Generation Team

Dreaming about hitting your lead generation goals? Are you searching for effective ways to train a lead generational team? Do you not know how to keep your staff motivated? If you are seeking answers to these questions, this guide has all the necessary information.

Today, we will delve into the core tactics for effectively managing a lead generation team. Additionally, we will explore strategies to enhance your staff motivation, as motivated employees are key to success. So, let’s dive in.

high-performing lead generation team

How to Train Your Lead Generation Team

To achieve your business goals, you need to have a strong and skilled team. To build this kind of team, you can offer them training and opportunities for growth. This will help your staff stay relevant with industry trends and updates, ultimately having a positive impact on your business. Now, let’s explore some simple steps that can assist in providing relevant training to your staff.

1. Understand Your Team’s Skills

To develop suitable training for your team, it’s essential to understand their strengths and weaknesses. Once you have identified areas for improvement, you can provide relevant training to enhance these skills.

For that purpose, you can utilize different methods like surveys, quizzes, feedback sessions, performance reviews, etc. It’s crucial to establish your goals and ensure they align with your team’s objectives. It will help you customize your training and motivation strategy to meet your team’s specific needs and expectations.

2. Provide Comprehensive Training

Once you have a clear understanding about your team’s needs, you can identify which lead generation techniques it needs to improve. There are different options to provide appropriate training. You can use online courses, webinars, workshops, and other similar resources depending on your budget and team’s learning style.

3. Provide Feedback and Coaching

Offering additional training to your team doesn’t mean that they will become jacks of all trades. Ideally, you should provide regular constructive feedback and coaching.

For example, if you see that a team member has areas for improvement in sales, you can offer additional reading materials or share some tips from your own experience. So, if you are good at sales, it is worth sharing SaaS marketing tips to boost sales with your staff. This fosters a culture of knowledge sharing and keeps your employees well-informed.

4. Keep Your Team Updated

To assist your team in staying updated on the latest industry trends and training materials, offer them relevant resources where they can learn about updates.

Moreover, consider sharing inspiring stories and case studies that showcase successful implementations or strategies within your industry. Remember that real-world examples can provide valuable insights and motivate your team to excel in their own work.

5. Technology Training

Ideally, technology training should be an inextricable part of your training program. Typically, lead generation teams use specific tools or software, so it is worthwhile to ensure that they are proficient in employing these tools. Hence, suggesting training on these tools is always a wise choice, thereby boosting the efficiency and productivity of your team.

best marketing tools for your business

Strategies to Keep Your Team Motivated

Let’s move forward and discuss key strategies that will help you keep your lead generation team motivated and satisfied.

Reward Achievements and Celebrate Special Days

Let’s admit that nothing boosts employee motivation more than words of affirmation. Therefore, acknowledge your team’s achievements after successfully finishing projects or tasks.

Additionally, celebrate your team members on special occasions to show that you value them. For example, if one of your female employees is turning 30 and decides to spend her day in the office, make it special for her. To achieve this, consider interesting gifts for women in their 30s, such as a creative gift box set, ornaments, and the like.

Organize Regular Team Meetings

Regular team meetings are pivotal for discussing progress, addressing challenges, and providing updates. When your staff receives consistent feedback and has the opportunity to speak out, it significantly boosts confidence. As a result, they feel more motivated and less stressed.

Provide Flexible Work Arrangements

Flexible work arrangements are no longer a benefit. In other words, gone are the days when remote work didn’t appear to be effective. Today, there are many daily checklist apps that provide flexibility for managers to check the progress of their teams. As a result, everyone can work in a comfortable atmosphere.

This is why many companies today offer their staff the freedom to choose a suitable working format for them, whether it’s on-site, remote, or hybrid. This approach contributes to a healthy work-life balance and can enhance job satisfaction and motivation.

Wrapping Up

The synergy of effective training and well-crafted motivation strategies can form a high-performing lead generation team. We have discussed key steps on how to achieve it. Armed with basic knowledge, you can confidently start empowering your lead generation team to stay at the forefront in a highly competitive landscape.

Microbial Biodiversity and Sustainable Development

Biodiversity is one of the Earth’s greatest treasures. Microbes despite their small size have a huge impact on our lives, therefore understanding their role in the environment is important to the maintenance of our planet and preserving the diversity of plants and animals. Microorganisms have the largest genetic diversity on Earth; billions of species of bacteria are suspected to exist, however only 1-5% or so species are characterized.

Microorganisms, being the pioneer colonizers of this planet and the masters of the biosphere as they considered by some, they are ubiquitous, can exist in most inhospitable habitats with extreme temperature, pH, water and salt stress.

microbial-biodiversity

Microbes and Soil Sustainability

Soil ecosystems are highly complex and dynamic having an extremely varied biota comprising plants, animals and microbes. Soil is a highly heterogeneous matrix and is a habitat of an extremely diverse community of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, and algae. The soil microbiota is the ‘biological engine of the earth’ necessary for sustaining vital ecosystem processes and maintaining soil functions. Microbes play a fundamental role in a wide range of soil ecological processes, energy flows, degradation of toxic materials, and thus are a key player in climate change mitigation.

Soil microorganisms are a key component of food webs, they regulate bio-geochemical nutrient cycling such as in the nitrogen cycle, and hence the nutrient availability for the ecosystem primary producers.

Microorganisms are responsible for modifying the soil physical structure so as to better cope with disturbances and stress, allowing for more flexible responses to environmental changes than in low diversity communities. Due to the major role that microbes play in soil sustainability, some of them might be considered as indicators of soil health.

Applications of Microbes

Microbes are of tremendous importance to man. Worldwide, the economic value of microorganisms is estimated to be at least many tens of billions of dollars annually. The microbial application for economic or industrial purposes has advanced considerably with fast-paced developments in industrial microbiology and biotechnology. Microbial diversity has provided invaluable service to mankind since the ancient time.

Despite the fact that microbes were not yet been discovered in ancient times, people relied on microbes to produce different types of their food. Vinegar, yogurt, many types of cheese and most importantly bread are good examples. Almost all antibiotics have their origins in the metabolites of soil bacteria, especially within a family known as Actinomycetes.

Microbes are also used to produce vaccine providing humans with immunity against several lethal diseases such as measles and smallpox. Many diseases can be treated with microbial compounds such as diabetes, cancer, cystic fibrosis, growth hormone deficiency and hepatitis B.

In addition, microorganisms are factories for industrial enzymes production which are used to enhance detergents, to clean up toxic wastes, to replace chemicals in paper and pulp processing, and for oil extraction. Futhermore, microorganisms and their enzyme systems are responsible for the degradation of organic matter. Currently, wastewater treatment uses microbes to decompose organic matter in sewage. Microbes can also be used to create biofuels like biogas or bioethanol.

biofuel-resources

Significance of Microbial Biodiversity Conservation

While microbial communities are potentially affected by natural and anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, use of pesticides, pollution and urban development, it is not yet known how changes in microbial diversity can influence ecosystems. Dry lands have been neglected in both conservation and sustainable use efforts despite the fact that deserts are a fragile ecosystem which has to be handled carefully.

Knowledge of the composition of bacterial communities and of how these communities are affected by landscape sustainability measures will find wider application in landscape sustainability programs and contribute to future global policies. This new dimension when integrated into the general research conducted will enhance the findings that will be applied in the development, restoration and management programs of biodiversity conservation and the creation of a national biodiversity management policy.

Environmental Psychology: Key to Understanding Human-Nature Relationship

Environmental psychology is a relatively new branch of psychology which explores how the environment impacts human behaviour and vice-versa. It is an inter-disciplinary field which encompasses all kinds of environment including natural environments, built environments, learning environments, informational environments and social settings.

Human-Nature Relationship

The key objective of environmental psychology is to improve the relationship between mankind and the environment using theory, research and practice. It also endeavours to find ways to improve our relationship with the surrounding world. The popular areas in environmental psychology includes:

  • Perception and evaluation of built environment
  • Environmental consequences of human actions
  • Evaluation of building and natural landscapes
  • Psychological and behavioral aspects of people and nature
  • Psychological aspects of resource management and crises

Theories in Environmental Psychology

There are several concepts and theories on how and why we act the way we do in our environment. Read more on BetterHelp to know more about psychology. Below are the major theories in environmental psychology:

1. Geographical determinism

It is primarily based on the concept that environmental parameters, such as climate, topography, vegetation and water availability, are the foundation and lifespan of civilizations. According to this theory, huge environmental challenges may lead to annihilation of civilizations while insufficient challenges may lead to stagnancy of civilizations. It is also believed that environmental factors have tremendous potential to impact our society and the way we cohabit and work together.

2. Ecological biology

The foundation of the ecological biology theory is based on the theories of biological and sociological interconnectedness between organisms and their environment where organisms are considered an integral part of their environment, ant not separate entities. This idea paves the way for the exploration of interdependencies between the organism and its environment.

3. Behaviorism

The theory of behaviorism place emphasis on environmental context and personal context with personality, attitudes and experience being the key determinants of behavior. According to behaviorists, our responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions.

4. Gestalt Psychology

Gestalt psychology is the opposite of behaviorism with greater focus on perception and cognition. According to Gestalt thinkers, our minds tend to perceive objects as part of a greater whole and as elements of more complex systems. In contrast to seeing environmental stimuli as the sole objective factors, Gestalt psychology’s focus is on how people perceived and thought about these stimuli.

The Branches of Environmental Psychology

There are 2 major sub-disciplines of environmental psychology – conservation psychology and ecopsychology. Let us have a closer look:

1. Conservation psychology

It is the study of development of environmental attitudes and reciprocal relationships between the human and the rest of the nature with the aim of conservation of the natural ecosystems by fostering an environmental ethic. This branch of psychology is unique in its focus on the natural environment and changing attitude and behaviors.

2. Ecopsychology

The relationship between environmental and societal degradation is the mainstay of ecopsychology. Ecopsychology views human well-being integrally dependent on environmental well-being, and focuses on healing of both the human society and the nature. The key areas of focus are emotional responses to nature, impacts of environmental issues, environmental identity and environmental justice.

environmental-psychology

Environmental Psychology as a Career

Environmental psychologists have a great role to play in the well-being of the mankind and the preservation of the natural environment. Environmental psychologists are employed by the governments, non-governmental agencies, healthcare sector and the scientific community. They are associated with urban planning, environmental design and environmental health.

Conclusion

It is essential to study human behavioural changes as most of the contemporary environmental issues are caused by human behaviours and man-made changes. Environmental psychology has a crucial role to play in understanding human-nature interdependencies and finding ways to strengthen the relationship without hampering the growth of civilization.

Energy Efficiency Initiatives at the Hashemite University

The Hashemite University environmental sustainability policy is focused on achieving sufficiency and sustainability through energy reduction practices, along with energy efficient approaches, building techniques, and electromechanical devices. These measures were employed in all of the new building expansion on campus (with more than 70,000 m2) of newly added building area. These practices are divided into categories: passive and active.

Passive Measures

Passive energy efficiency measures focus on harnessing the natural resources in the campus area to create comfortable conditions for the campus users, especially indoors, including the following techniques used throughout the campus:

  • Building envelope and materials: The choice of building materials, thermal insulation, windows location and double glazing, accessibility and exit doors, were designed following universally leading green construction guidelines, with the objective of creating arid-region sustainable buildings; minimizing thermal swings inside the building through thermal insulation.
  • Building Orientation: The location of buildings, landscape, and orientation took into consideration the movement of the sun, and wind direction in the area, allowing for creating thermally-acceptable living conditions in and around the buildings.
  • Louvers and sun-breakers: south-facing windows were fitted with extruding louvers, which allows breaking the direct sunlight from entering the building during summer days, whereas allowing it to enter the building during winter days.
  • Skylights: Skylights were extensively used throughout all campus buildings, allowing for diffused sunlight into the buildings, reducing the need for electricity and lighting, and creating natural ventilation cycles.
  • Shading: Outdoor thermally acceptable areas were created using shading by building massing, photovoltaic solar canopies and carparks, cement canopies, and trees.

Active Measures

Active energy efficiency measures are those electromechanical techniques used to create comfortable living conditions for campus users, with focus on reducing the energy needs of these techniques. These used throughout the campus include the following:

  • Lighting: All new buildings and construction use LED lights, which consumes less than 25% of the energy required by other fluorescent based light systems. Moreover, all the older buildings are being systematically retrofitted with LED light fixtures. LED in general provides higher luminesce and a better educational experience for the students.

  • Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC): Energy efficient HVAC systems were used in the new construction buildings, including hybrid central and variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems. These systems allow for responding to variable air conditioning needs, which decreases energy losses. Energy-efficient central and split unit systems are being retrofitted to the older building on-campus.
  • Building-Integrated Controllers: Computer-based and processor-based sensors employed throughout the campus to allow for ambient light and temperature condition measurements, allowing for active, automatic control of lights and HVAC systems, reducing the need for manual intervention and reducing the energy requirements to run these systems.

Co-Author: Prof. Dr. Kamal Eddin Bani-Hani

Prof. Dr. Kamal Eddin Bani-Hani, is President of the Hashemite University since late 2011, Professor of Surgery, Hashemite University; Department of General Surgery and Specialized Surgery. He is leading a vision of economical, social, and environmental sustainability for the university. He received, on behalf of the Hashemite University, the Medal Order of Independence of the First Class for achievements in education and research. Among the many awards won, a couple of them is Aug 2011, Dr. Nabeeh Muammar Prize for the “Distinguished Physician” Award. In Apr 2009, Scopus-Elsevier award to honor contribution to science Award

الأردن وتحدي التغير المناخ

يعتبر التغير المناخي من أكبر التحديات التي تواجهها البشرية في العصر الحالي, وذلك لما له من أثارٍ مدمرة على الطبيعة والإنسان على حد سواء, ولا يعتبر الأردن استثناءً فالعالم أجمع يشهد الآثار الوخيمة لتغير المناخ التي أصبحت مصدر تهديد للحياة، ومنها: انخفاض هطول الأمطار، والفيضانات، والجفاف, وما يرافقها من تغيرات وتحديات مجتمعية مستمرة، كالنمو السكاني السريع، والتقلبات السياسية، والهجرة الناجمة عن الصراع.

sustainable-development-jordan

مناخ الأردن عبر التاريخ

يقع الأردن في قلب الشرق الأوسط على بعد 80 كم شرق البحر الأبيض المتوسط, ويتميز الأردن بطبيعة طبوغرافية فريدة من نوعها حيث يمثل الجزء الغربي منه أدنى واد في العالم, كما يتميز الأردن بأربعة مناطق جغرافية وهي: منطقة البحرالمتوسط, الإيراني الطوراني, والسوداني الإستوائي, والصحراء العربية. أما تاريخياً, فلقد شهد الأردن العديد من التغيرات المناخية, والتي يبينها الجدول (1) منذ ما قبل عهد السيد المسيح عليه السلام:

jordan-climate-change

إنبعاث غازات الدفيئة في الأردن

مايلي تفصيل لمصادر الإنبعاثات الرئيسة في الأردن:

  1. قطاع الطاقة بما فيه قطاع النقل والمسؤول عن 74٪ من إجمالي إنبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في الأردن.
  2. قطاع النفايات والمسؤول عن 13٪ من إجمالي إنبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في الأردن.
  3. قطاع الصناعة بنسبة إنبعاث 8٪ من إجمالي إنبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في الأردن عام 2000.
  4. سوء إستخدام الأراضي والمسؤول عن 4٪ من إجمالي إنبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في الأردن.
  5. معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي والتي شكلت ما نسبته 1٪ .

 تغير المناخ البشري المنشأ في الأردن

كشف التقرير الوطني الثالث للتغير المناخي عن توقعات المناخ حتى عام 2100, حيث بين أنّ الأردن سيشهد ارتفاعاً ملحوظاً في درجة الحرارة بمعدل 1.7 – 3.2 س، في الوقت الذي سيشهد فيه زيادة في موجات الحرارة ومواسم الجفاف, كما تنبأ أن متوسط ​​الحد الأقصى لدرجات الحرارة يمكن أن يتجاوز 42 – 44 درجة مئوية للبلد بأكمله. إضافة إلى ذلك, يشير التقرير إلى أن تساقط الأمطار سيتراجع بحدود 15%, وبالرغم من تراجع هطول الأمطار إلا أنه من المتوقع الزيادة في شدتها مما يسبب الفيضانات التي قد تؤثرعلى النظم البيئية الهشة في الأردن.  

موقف الأردن من الإلتزامات الدولية في التخفيف من والتكيف مع الإحتباس الحراري

لا غلو في  أن الأردن لا يعد بلداً مسبباً للتغير المناخي, حيث أن مساهمة الأردن العالمية في إنبعاثات الغازات الدفيئة ضئيلة جداً بنسبة تقارب ال 20 مليون طن سنوياً من مكافئ الكربون, ورغم ذلك, فإنه يقر ويتشارك المسؤولية الدولية لمواجهة أخطار التغير المناخي, لذلك كانت الأردن من الدول السباقة التي وقعت على اتفاقية التغيّر المناخي (UNFCCC)عام 1992 وكل ما نتج عنها من استراتيجيات.

ولقد وضع الأردن “سياسة التغير المناخي للمملكة الأردنية الهاشمية sلفترة 2013-2020” وهي منهجية علمية متكاملة تهدف إلى التصدي لمخاطر تغير المناخ, والتخفيف من إنبعاثات الغازات الدفيئة ليكون الأردن بلداً منخفض الكربون وبإقتصاد أخضر, والمضي قدماً في مسار بناء مجتمعاتٍ صحيةٍ ومستدامةٍ مع أخذ قضايا النوع الإجتماعي  وقضايا الحفاظ على الموارد المائية والزراعية والنظم البيئية بعين الإعتبار. كما أَسست وزارة البيئة الأردنية مديرية لتغير المناخ والتي تختص في التغير المناخي بما في ذلك التكيف والتخفيف وتمويل الكربون. وبالرغم من تأثير الأوضاع السياسية الراهنة في المنطقة على الأردن مثل قضايا اللاجئين وما أدت إليه من مشاكل إقتصادية وإجتماعية طارئة، إلا أنه لم يتجاهل مشكلة تغير المناخ ومازال يعمل على التخطيط للتعامل مع عواقبه ووفق الإمكانات المتاحة, حيث ينبغي على الأردن التصرف بذكاء لخفض الآثار السلبية لتغير المناخ خاصة في القطاعات الحساسة مثل الأمن المائي والأمن الغذائي.

نتائج الإستطلاع العام لمستوى الوعي بظاهرة تغير المناخ بين الأردنيين

خلال السنوات الماضية، زاد الوعي العالمي بمخاطر تغيرالمناخ, إلا أن دراسات علمية استنتجت أن مواطنين البلدان المتقدمة يعتبرون تغير المناخ تهديداً على العكس من أقرانهم في الدول النامية، بالرغم من  أن البلدان النامية هي الأكثرعرضةً لتأثيرات تغير المناخ. يعتبر الأردن استناءاً لهذا الإستنتاج, حيث أنه في 2014، نشرت نتائج إستطلاع قامت به وزارة البيئة الأردنية بالتعاون مع الجمعية العلمية الملكية و(UNDP) إلى أن مستوى الوعي العام بتغير المناخ لدى الأردنيين كان مرتفعاً؛ فقد تبين أن 78٪ من الأردنيين يدركون حقيقة وجود تغير في المناخ خلال السنوات الماضية، في حين ذكر التقرير أن 73٪ يدركون أن سبب تغير المناخ الحالي هو الأنشطة البشرية مثل قطاع النقل, كما تظهر النتائج أن هنالك معرفة جيدة حول حقيقة أن مساهمة الأردن في إحداث تغير في المناخ هي مساهمة طفيفة. وأظهرت نصف العينة المدروسة موقفاً إيجابياً تجاه إنخراطهم في العمل للحد من تغير المناخ، في حين أعربت نسبة ضئيلة من العينة عن رغبتها في الإنضمام إلى منظمات تتناول قضية تغير المناخ بنسبة 16٪, وأظهرت الدراسة الإستطلاعية أن 53٪ من العينة أبدت إستعدادها للدفع لإقتناء المنتجات الصديقة للبيئة . 

ماذا بعد؟

جميعنا ندفع ثمن التغير المناخي اليوم, وإذا لم يتم اتخاذ إجراءات فورية للحد من آثاره فإن أطفال وشباب الحاضر هم الذين سيواجهون العواقب المتزايدة للإحتباس الحراري مستقبلاً. يدرك الأردن أن الإستجابة البيئية والإقتصادية لخطر تغير المناخ هو أمر حتمي, ومن الواضح أن الأردن خطى خطوات كبيرة خلال السنوات الماضية  فيما يتعلق في السياسات والتشريعات الإقتصادية والإجتماعية. لكن, وبالإضافة إلى المقترحات التي  ذكرت في سياسة التغير المناخي في الأردن مثل: الإقتصاد الأخضر والمدن الخضراء وتمكين المجتمع الريفي, والتركيز على الإعلام بهدف التوعية وممارسات التكيف الذكية, فأنه لا يسعنا تجاهل أصوات الشباب ولا التقليل من شأن مطالبهم, فالعالم يسير قدماً في مسار غير مستدام مما يضائل الفرص المتاحة لشباب اليوم,  لذا فليس من المستغرب أن يتم التوصية في هذه المقالة أن يكون الشباب في الخطوط الأمامية للجهود المبذولة لمحاربة التغير المناخي, هذا أولاً.

climate-change-jordan

ثانياُ, يجب تضمين النساء في هذه الجهود فهن يعتبرن من الفئات الحساسة والمتضررة من التغير المناخي خاصة في المناطق الأقل حظاً. عالمياً, بدأت رؤيا جديدة بالظهور ألا وهي تحقيق الصحة الإنجابية للنساء والدور الجوهري الذي يلعبه هذا في بناء قدرة البلد على التأقلم والتخفيف من حدة آثار التحديات المتصلة بالتغير المناخي.

الجهود العالمية التي تقودها الأمم المتحدة لمكافحة تغير المناخ ومن ضمنها اتفاقية باريس والتي وقع عليها ما يقارب بـ  200 بلداَ, تضمنت التزاماً “بالحق في الصحة” كما يبرز الإتفاق التزامها بالمساواة بين الجنسين وتمكين المرأة, ولهذا السبب تم دعوة الموقعين على اتفاق باريس إلى الإعتراف بأهمية تمكين الإناث من خلال ضمان حصولهن على خدمات الصحة الجنسية والإنجابية، والدور الرئيسي الذي يلعبه هذا في الإستراتيجيات الوطنية لتغير المناخ. إن معرفة التأثيرات المتوقعة للتغير المناخي على مستوى الأسرة يجب أن يكون بشكل ممنهج, وكجزء من تمكين المرأة؛ يجب العمل على زيادة تنمية مهاراتها وصقلها وخلق الفرص السياسية والإقتصادية أمامها من خلال التدريب وربطها بمبادرات محو الأمية العامة والتعليم.

المراجع 

اللغة العربية

  1. نوره عبود”آثار تغير المناخ البشري المنشأ على النظم البيئية المختلفة.”  EcoMENA, 2014.
  2. نوره عبود, الأردن والتغير المناخي, مجلة آفاق البيئة والتنمية , 2014

المراجع الإنجليزية :

  1. Jordan’s Second National Communication Report, http://www.moenv.gov.jo/ebv4.0/root_storage/ar/eb_list_page/jordans_secound_national_communication_report.pdf
  2. The Royal Scientific Society. Enabling Activities for the Preparation of Jordan`s Third National Communication to the UNFCCC. Amman, 2014. Print.
  3. Matouq, Mohammed. et al “The Climate Change Implication on Jordan: A Case Study Using GIS and Artificial Neural Networks for Weather Forecasting.”Science Direct. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 2013.
  4. Hamdi, Moshrik. et al “Climate Change in Jordan: A Comprehensive Examination Approach.” American Journal of Environmental Sciences5.1 (2009): 58-68.
  5. Namoroqa, Hana. “Climate Change to Affect Kingdom’s Biodiversity – Microbiologist.” Jordan Times. Jordan Times, 2013
  6. Harrison, Sandy. “Future Climate Change in Jordan: An Analysis of State-of-the-Art Climate Model Simulations.” (2009): n. pag. Royal Society for Nature Conservation.
  7. The National Climate Change Policy of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 2013-2020.” (n.d.): n. pag. The Ministry of Environment. Web. 2013. <http://www.jo.undp.org/content/dam/jordan/docs/Publications/Climate%20change%20policy_JO.pdf>.
  8. “Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis.” IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, 2013
  9. Al-Qaisi, Bassam. “Climate Change Effects on Water Resources in Amman Zarqa Basin – Jordan.” Ministry of Water and Irrigation –Water Authority of Jordan(2010). Web. <http://www.jeaconf.org/UploadedFiles/Document/67a04de3-7eaa-4de5-9d40-5f4debb1efc8.pdf>.
  10. Jordan’s Third National Communication Report, http://www.moenv.gov.jo/ebv4.0/root_storage/ar/eb_list_page/jordans_third_national_communication_report.pdf
  11. Matouqa M. et al The climate change implication on Jordan: A case study using GIS and Artificial Neural Networks for weather forecasting

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Find the best Tool

Compare the top SMM 50 tools to find the perfect fit for your needs. With these  tools, you can enhance your social media strategy and connect with your audience.

Time and Help Efficiency

Outsourcing marketing efforts to agencies allows businesses to focus on their core operations. Marketing agencies bring efficiency by dedicating their time and resources to planning, managing, and studying marketing campaigns, ensuring optimal results without weakening internal teams.

You can use Sortlist.com, a dynamic platform dedicated to simplifying and finding the perfect marketing match to connect your company with trade agencies.

Stay Present with Trends

Marketing agencies are immersed in the ever-evolving landscape of marketing trends and technologies. Collaborating with them ensures your business stays ahead of the curve, leveraging the latest strategies and tools to maintain a competitive advantage in the market.

why offering benefits to employees is essential

Objective Perspective

External marketing agencies bring an objective viewpoint to a business’s marketing strategy. Their fresh perspective can uncover new opportunities, identify areas for improvement, and provide not subjective insights that might be difficult to achieve within an internal team.

Cost-Effective Solutions

While there’s an investment, partnering with marketing agencies can be cost-effective in the long run. Agencies often have set tools and technologies, and their joint expertise can lead to more efficient and great campaigns, potentially saving costs compared to in-house efforts.

Joining with marketing agencies can be a strategic move for businesses looking to improve their brand company, reach a wider audience, and gain long-term success.

Expertise Across Specializations

Marketing agencies often house various skilled specialists, offering digital marketing, content creation, graphic design, and SEO services. Businesses can access complete solutions connected to their unique needs using their expertise.

Final Thoughts

Remember, the best approach blends with your company’s vision. It does not matter whether you collaborate with a marketing firm that understands your values or use tools that simplify your processes.

As you enter on this journey to find the best marketing solutions through partnerships or tools, may your choices be strategic, your efforts be impactful, and your path be full of success from well-informed decisions.